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Election administration in Missouri
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| Select a state from the menu below to learn more about its election administration. |
Election administration encompasses a state's voting policies, procedures, and enforcement. These include voter identification requirements, early and absentee/mail-in voting provisions, voter list maintenance methods, and more. Each state's voting policies dictate who can vote and under what conditions.
Below, you will find details on the following election administration topics in Missouri:
Poll times
- See also: State poll opening and closing times
In Missouri, all polling places are open from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. Central Time. An individual who is in line at the time polls close must be allowed to vote.[2]
Voter registration
- Check your voter registration status here.
To vote in Missouri, one must be 18 years old, a United States citizen, and Missouri resident.[3] An applicant may print an application, pick one up from a county clerk's office, or request that an application be mailed. The completed application must be returned by mail. All returned applications must be postmarked at least 27 days prior to Election Day in order to be processed. An applicant may also register to vote online.[3]
Automatic registration
Missouri does not practice automatic voter registration.[4]
Online registration
- See also: Online voter registration
Missouri has implemented an online voter registration system. Residents can register to vote by visiting this website.[4]
Same-day registration
Missouri does not allow same-day voter registration.[4]
Residency requirements
To register to vote in Missouri, you must be a resident of the state. State law does not specify the length of time for which you must have been a resident to be eligible. Voters may file change-of-address forms after the registration deadline, up to and including Election Day, provided that they can present photo identification upon doing so.[5][6]
Verification of citizenship
Missouri does not require proof of citizenship for voter registration. An individual applying to register to vote must attest that they are a U.S. citizen under penalty of perjury.[3]
All 49 states with voter registration systems require applicants to declare that they are U.S. citizens in order to register to vote in state and federal elections, under penalty of perjury or other punishment.[7] As of January 2025, six states — Alabama, Arizona, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, and New Hampshire — had passed laws requiring verification of citizenship at the time of voter registration. However, only two of those states' laws were in effect, in Arizona and New Hampshire. In three states — California, Maryland, and Vermont — at least one local jurisdiction allowed noncitizens to vote in some local elections as of November 2024. Noncitizens registering to vote in those elections must complete a voter registration application provided by the local jurisdiction and are not eligible to register as state or federal voters.
Verifying your registration
The Missouri Secretary of State's office allows residents to check their voter registration status online.
Early and absentee/mail-in voting policy
Early voting
- See also: Early voting
Missouri permits early voting. Learn more by visiting this website.
Early voting permits citizens to cast ballots in person at a polling place prior to an election. In states that permit no-excuse early voting, a voter does not have to provide an excuse for being unable to vote on Election Day. States that allow voters to cast no-excuse absentee/mail-in ballots in person are counted as no-excuse early voting states.
As of February 2024, 47 states and the District of Columbia permitted no-excuse early voting.
Absentee/mail-in voting
- See also: Absentee/mail-in voting
A voter is eligible to vote absentee in an election if he or she cannot make it to the polls on Election Day for one of the following reasons:[8]
- The voter will be absent from his or her regular polling place on Election Day.
- The voter is incapacitated or confined due to illness or physical disability. Additionally, an individual who is caring for an incapacitated person may vote absentee.
- The voter is unable to visit the polls for religious reasons.
- The voter is employed by an election authority.
- The voter incarcerated but has retained voting qualifications.
- The voter is unable to visit the polls because of safety concerns.
To vote absentee, an application must be received by 5 p.m. on the Wednesday prior to the election. If returned in person, the ballot must be submitted by 5 p.m. the day before the election. If submitted by mail, the ballot must be received by the close of polls on Election Day.[8]
Returning absentee/mail-in ballots
In Missouri, a voter or a voter's relative within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity can return their absentee/mail-in ballot by mail or in person.[9] Absentee/mail-in ballots must be received by the voter’s local election authority by the close of polls on Election Day in order to be counted.[10]
As of November 2024, 20 states allowed anyone chosen by the voter to return a ballot on the voter's behalf, with certain exceptions, while 16 states allowed anyone with certain relationships to the voter to return the voter's ballot. Four states allowed only the voter to return the voter's ballot, with certain exceptions, and two states required voters to return their ballots by mail. Eight states and D.C. did not specify who may return ballots.
Signature requirements and cure provisions
Missouri does not have a cure provision, or a law providing for a process where election officials follow up with voters whose absentee/mail-in ballots contain a signature discrepancy or lack the requisite signatures. The envelope of an absentee/mail-in ballot must be signed by "an election official, notary, or other officer authorized to administer oaths," according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. Members of the military and their family members, overseas voters, and voters who are permanently disabled and their caregivers are exempt from the notary requirement.[11][12]
As of November 2024, 33 states had laws that included cure provisions, while 17 states did not. One state, Pennsylvania, allowed counties to establish a cure process.
Voter identification requirements
- See also: Voter ID in Missouri
- See also: Voter identification laws by state
Missouri requires voters to present photo identification while voting.[12][13]
The following were accepted forms of identification as of April 2023. Click here for the Missouri Secretary of State's page on accepted ID to ensure you have the most current information.
Voters can present the following forms of information:
- A nonexpired Missouri driver or non-driver license;
- A nonexpired military ID, including a veteran’s ID card;
- A nonexpired United States passport; or
- Another photo ID issued by the United States or the state of Missouri which is either not expired or expired after the date of the most recent general election.
If a voter does not have an ID, he or she can obtain one for free by filling out this form.
Click here to learn more about the background of Missouri's law.
As of November 2024, 35 states required voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day. Of these states, 23 required voters to present identification containing a photograph, and 12 accepted other forms of identification. The remaining 15 states did not require voters to present identification in order to vote at the polls on Election Day.
Valid forms of identification differ by state. In certain states that require voters to provide identification, there may be exceptions that allow some voters to cast a ballot without providing an ID. To see more about these exceptions, see details by state. Commonly accepted forms of ID include driver's licenses, state-issued identification cards, and military identification cards.
Provisional balloting for voters without ID
Voters who do not have ID while voting may cast provisional ballots. See below for provisional ballot rules.
Provisional ballot rules
Voters in Missouri are given provisional ballots, or ballots requiring additional steps or information before they can be counted, under the following circumstances:[14][15][16]
- If the voter is unable to provide a valid form of identification, the voter has the right to cast a provisional ballot.
- If the voter’s name does not appear in the poll book, the voter has the right to cast a provisional ballot.
According to Missouri’s election rules, the following procedure is used to determine the validity of provisional ballots:
| “ | The election authority shall examine its records and verify that the provisional voter is duly registered and qualified to vote in the election. If the provisional voter has provided information regarding the registration agency where the provisional voter registered to vote, the election authority shall make an inquiry of the registration agency to determine whether the provisional voter is duly registered and qualified to vote in the election.[16][17] | ” |
A provisional ballot is rejected in the following circumstances:[18]
- If the voter is not registered to vote;
- If the voter voted in the wrong precinct; or
- If the voter is not eligible to vote.
Primary election type
- See also: Primary elections in Missouri
A primary election is an election in which registered voters select a candidate that they believe should be a political party's candidate for elected office to run in the general election. They are also used to choose convention delegates and party leaders. Primaries are state-level and local-level elections that take place prior to a general election. Missouri utilizes an open primary system, in which registered voters do not have to be members of a party to vote in that party's primary.[19][20][21]
For information about which offices are nominated via primary election, see this article.
Time off work for voting
In Missouri, employers must allow employees three consecutive hours paid leave to vote on election days unless employees have three consecutive hours of non-work time to vote. Payment is conditional upon voting, and interference by employers is a punishable offense:
| “ | 1. Any person entitled to vote at any election held within this state shall, on the day of such election, be entitled to absent himself from any services or employment in which he is then engaged or employed, for a period of three hours between the time of opening and the time of closing the polls for the purpose of voting, and any such absence for such purpose shall not be reason for the discharge of or the threat to discharge any such person from such services or employment; and such employee, if he votes, shall not, because of so absenting himself, be liable to any penalty or discipline, nor shall any deduction be made on account of such absence from his usual salary or wages; provided, however, that request shall be made for such leave of absence prior to the day of election, and provided further, that this section shall not apply to a voter on the day of election if there are three successive hours while the polls are open in which he is not in the service of his employer. The employer may specify any three hours between the time of opening and the time of closing the polls during which such employee may absent himself. 2. Any employer violating this section shall be deemed guilty of a class four election offense.[22][17] | ” |
As of September 2024, 28 states required employers to grant employees time off to vote. Within these 28 states, policies varied as to whether that time off must be paid and how much notice must be given.
Voting rules for people convicted of a felony
In Missouri, people convicted of a felony receive automatic restoration of their voting rights upon completion of their sentence, including probation or parole, unless the felony–or misdemeanor–pertains to election-related offenses. People who have committed an election-related felony or misdemeanor are not allowed to vote.[23]
Voting rights for people convicted of a felony vary from state to state. In the majority of states, people convicted of a felony cannot vote while they are incarcerated but may regain the right to vote upon release from prison or at some point thereafter.[4]
Voter list maintenance
All states have rules under which they maintain voter rolls—or, check and remove certain names from their lists of registered voters. Most states are subject to the parameters set by The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA).[24] The NVRA requires states to make efforts to remove deceased individuals and individuals who have become ineligible due to a change of address. It prohibits removing registrants from voter lists within 90 days of a federal election due to change of address unless a registrant has requested to be removed, or from removing people from voter lists solely because they have not voted. The NVRA says that states may remove names from their registration lists under certain other circumstances and that their methods for removing names must be uniform and nondiscriminatory.[25]
When names can be removed from the voter list
Missouri law authorizes election officials to remove the names of voters from the registered voting list if an individual:[26]
- confirms in writing that they moved outside of their voting jurisdiction
- dies
- is convicted of a felony
- is adjudicated to be incapacitated
- remains on the inactive voter list through two consecutive general elections.
Inactive voter list rules
On June 29, 2022, Gov. Mike Parson (R) signed HB1878 into law, authorizing the secretary of state to conduct quarterly audits of the state's voter registration list and directing election officials to remove the names of ineligible voters from the list.[5]
The Electronic Registration Information Center (ERIC)
According to its website, ERIC is a nonprofit corporation that is governed by a board of member-states. These member states submit voter registration and motor vehicle registration information to ERIC. ERIC uses this information, as well as Social Security death records and other sources, to provide member states with reports showing voters who have moved within their state, moved out of their state, died, have duplicate registrations in their state, or are potentially eligible to vote but are not yet registered. ERIC's website describes its funding as follows: "Members fund ERIC. New members pay a one-time membership fee of $25,000, which is reserved for technology upgrades and other unanticipated expenses. Members also pay annual dues. Annual dues cover operating costs and are based, in part, on the citizen voting age population in each state."[27]
By 2022, 33 states and the District of Columbia had joined ERIC. As of May 2024, 24 states and the District of Columbia were members in the ERIC program.[28]
As of August 2023, Missouri was not participating in the ERIC program.
Secretary of State Jay Ashcroft (R) withdrew Missouri from ERIC on March 6, 2023, citing its refusal to "require member states to participate in addressing multi-state voter fraud."[29] According to ERIC, the effective date for this withdrawal was June 3, 2023.[30]:
Post-election auditing
Missouri state law requires post-election audits. The audit is conducted by local election officials. Five percent of precincts are randomly selected to be audited. "If results differ by more than 0.5%, discrepancies are investigated and resolved." The audit must be completed before certification of the election results.[31]
Post-election audits check that election results tallied by a state's voting system match results from paper records, such as paper ballots filled out by voters or the paper records produced by electronic voting machines. Post-election audits are classified into two categories: audits of election results—which include traditional post-election audits as well as risk-limiting audits—and procedural audits.[32][33]
Typically, traditional post-election audits are done by recounting a portion of ballots, either electronically or by hand, and comparing the results to those produced by the state's voting system. In contrast, risk-limiting audits use statistical methods to compare a random sample of votes cast to election results instead of reviewing every ballot. The scope of procedural audits varies by state, but they typically include a systematic review of voting equipment, performance of the voting system, vote totals, duties of election officials and workers, ballot chain of custody, and more.
As of October 2024, 49 states and the District of Columbia had some form of post-election audit by law. Of these, 35 states and the District of Columbia required traditional post-election audits, while six states required risk-limiting post-election audits by law. Eight states used some other form of post-election audit, including procedural post-election audits.[34][35]
Noteworthy events
Gov. Parson signs bill making changes to state election laws including restricting the private funding of election administration and requiring quarterly voter list maintenance (2022)
On June 29, 2022, Gov. Mike Parson (R) signed HB 1878 into law. This bill made a number of modifications to the state's election laws, including, but not limited to, the following:[5]
- Authorized the secretary of state to conduct quarterly audits of the state's voter registration list and directs election officials to remove the names of ineligible voters from the list;
- Prohibited changes to the state's election laws within 26 weeks of a presidential election;
- Prohibited election officials, at both the state and local levels, from accepting or spending private funds for the purpose of administering elections;
- Required voters to "declare a political party affiliation from the established political parties or declare themselves unaffiliated" upon registration;
- Allowed voters to file change-of-address forms after the registration deadline, up to and including Election Day, provided that they can present photo identification upon doing so;
- Barred payment for soliciting voter registration applications;
- Required entities that solicit more than 10 voter registration applications to register with the secretary of state;
- Required the use of paper ballots;
- Discontinued the use of touchscreen direct-recording electronic vote counting machines, effective Jan. 1, 2024;
- Required election authorities to conduct cybersecurity reviews once every two years;
- Prohibited the use of mail-in ballots under executive or administrative order;
- Specified that photo identification is required for voting a regular ballot or absentee/mail-in ballot in person;
- Eliminated the presidential preference primary, instead providing for the use of caucuses to determine presidential nominees; and
- Prohibited public officials from entering into a settlement in any civil action that "nullifies, suspends, enjoins, alters, or conflicts" with the state's election laws and authorizes the state legislature to intervene in any such action.
The state Senate approved the final version of the bill on May 9 by a vote of 23-11, with 23 Republicans voting in favor of the bill and 10 Democrats and one Republican voting against the bill. The state House followed suit on May 12 by a vote of 97-46, with 96 Republicans and one Democrat voting in favor and 46 Democrats voting against the bill.[5]
Election policy ballot measures
Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measures relating to election and campaign policy in Missouri.
- Missouri State and Judicial Campaign Contribution Limits, Constitutional Amendment 2 (2016)
- Missouri Amendment 1, Women in Office Measure (August 1921)
- Missouri Amendment 1, Lobbying, Campaign Finance, and Redistricting Initiative (2018)
- Missouri Amendment 3, Redistricting Process and Criteria, Lobbying, and Campaign Finance Amendment (2020)
| On the Ballot takes a look at the early returns from state election-related legislative activity in 2025. |
The table below lists bills related to election administration that have been introduced during (or carried over to) the current legislative session in Missouri. The following information is included for each bill:
- State
- Bill number
- Official bill name or caption
- Most recent action date
- Legislative status
- Sponsor party
- Topics dealt with by the bill
Bills are organized by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker, which includes bill details and a summary.
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker
State election laws are changing. Keeping track of the latest developments in all 50 states can seem like an impossible job.
Here's the solution: Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker.
Ballotpedia's Election Administration Tracker sets the industry standard for ease of use, flexibility, and raw power. But that's just the beginning of what it can do:
- Ballotpedia's election experts provide daily updates on bills and other relevant political developments
- We translate complex bill text into easy-to-understand summaries written in everyday language
- And because it's from Ballotpedia, our Tracker is guaranteed to be neutral, unbiased, and nonpartisan
State of Election Administration Legislation Reports
Ballotpedia publishes regular analysis of election administration legislation, including three full reports per year, providing ongoing coverage of legislative activity affecting election policy in each state. These reports deliver insights into partisan priorities, dive deep into notable trends, and highlight activity in key states.
Below are links to the most recent editions. Click here to see all past reports, and be on the lookout for more throughout the year!
- State of Election Administration Legislation 2025 Spring Report
- State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Year-End Report
- State of Election Administration Legislation 2024 Mid-Year Report
The Ballot Bulletin
The Ballot Bulletin is a weekly email that delivers the latest updates on election policy. The Ballot Bulletin tracks developments in election policy around the country, including legislative activity, big-picture trends, and recent news. Each email contains in-depth data from our Election Administration Legislation Tracker. You'll also be able to track relevant legislation, with links to and summaries of the bills themselves.
Click here to view recent issues and subscribe.
Ballot access
In order to get on the ballot in Missouri, a candidate for state or federal office must meet a variety of state-specific filing requirements and deadlines. These regulations, known as ballot access laws, determine whether a candidate or party will appear on an election ballot. These laws are set at the state level. A candidate must prepare to meet ballot access requirements well in advance of primaries, caucuses, and the general election.
There are three basic methods by which an individual may become a candidate for office in a state.
- An individual can seek the nomination of a state-recognized political party.
- An individual can run as an independent. Independent candidates often must petition in order to have their names printed on the general election ballot.
- An individual can run as a write-in candidate.
This article outlines the steps that prospective candidates for state-level and congressional office must take in order to run for office in Missouri. For information about filing requirements for presidential candidates, click here. Information about filing requirements for local-level offices is not available in this article (contact state election agencies for information about local candidate filing processes).
Redistricting
- See also: Redistricting in Missouri
Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of Missouri's eight United States Representatives and 197 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[36][37][38][39]
Missouri was apportioned eight seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, the same number it received after the 2010 census. Click here for more information about redistricting in Missouri after the 2020 census.
State process
- See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures
In Missouri, congressional district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. These lines are subject to veto by the governor.[40]
In 2018, the voters passed a citizens’ initiative called Amendment 1 that reshaped the redistricting process; in 2020, the voters narrowly passed a legislatively referred initiative called Amendment 3 that reshaped the process again.
Two distinct politician commissions are ultimately responsible for state legislative redistricting, one for the Missouri State Senate and another for the Missouri House of Representatives. Membership on these commissions is determined as follows:[40]
| “ | Missouri’s congressional districts are drawn by the state legislature, as a regular statute, subject to gubernatorial veto. The state legislative lines are drawn by two separate politician commissions — one for state Senate districts, one for state House districts. For each commission, each major party’s congressional district committee nominates 2 members per congressional district, and the state committee nominates 5 members; the Governor chooses 1 per district per party and two per party from the statewide lists, for a total commission of 20.[17] | ” |
Election administration agencies
Election agencies
- See also: State election agencies
Individuals seeking additional information about voting provisions in Missouri can contact the following local, state, and federal agencies.
Missouri Election Authority
Secretary of State, Elections Division
- Physical Address: 600 West Main Street
- Jefferson City, Missouri 65101
- Mailing Address: James C. Kirkpatrick State Information Center
- PO Box 1767
- Jefferson City, MO 65102-1767
- Phone: 573-751-2301
- Toll free: 800-669-8683
- Fax: 573-526-3242
- Email: elections@sos.mo.gov
- Website: https://www.sos.mo.gov
Missouri Ethics Commission
- Physical Address: 3411A Knipp Drive, Suite A
- Jefferson City, Missouri 65109
- Mailing Address: P.O. Box 1370
- Jefferson City, Missouri 65102
- Phone: 573-751-2020
- Toll free: 800-392-8660
- Fax: 573-526-4506
- Email: helpdesk@mec.mo.gov
- Website: http://www.mec.mo.gov/
U.S. Election Assistance Commission
- 633 3rd Street NW, Suite 200
- Washington, DC 20001
- Phone: 301-563-3919
- Toll free: 1-866-747-1471
- Email: clearinghouse@eac.gov
- Website: https://www.eac.gov
Ballotpedia's election coverage
See also
- State of Election Administration Legislation Reports
- Voting in Missouri
- Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Missouri
- Redistricting in Missouri
Elections in Missouri
- Missouri elections, 2025
- Missouri elections, 2024
- Missouri elections, 2023
- Missouri elections, 2022
- Missouri elections, 2021
- Missouri elections, 2020
- Missouri elections, 2019
- Missouri elections, 2018
- Missouri elections, 2017
- Missouri elections, 2016
- Missouri elections, 2015
- Missouri elections, 2014
External links
Footnotes
- ↑We use the term "absentee/mail-in voting" to describe systems in which requests or applications are required. We use the term "all-mail voting" to denote systems where the ballots themselves are sent automatically to all voters. We use the hyphenate term for absentee voting because some states use “mail voting” (or a similar alternative) to describe what has traditionally been called "absentee voting."
- ↑Missouri Secretary of State - Elections and Voting, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ 3.03.13.2Missouri Secretary of State, "Register to Vote," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑ 4.04.14.24.3NCSL, "State Profiles: Elections," accessed August 27, 2024Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "ncsl" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.05.15.25.3BillTrack50, "MO HB1878," accessed April 4, 2023Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "HB1878" defined multiple times with different contentCite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "HB1878" defined multiple times with different contentCite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "HB1878" defined multiple times with different content - ↑Missouri Secretary of State, "FAQs Voter Registration," accessed August 27, 2024
- ↑Under federal law, the national mail voter registration application (a version of which is in use in all states with voter registration systems) requires applicants to indicate that they are U.S. citizens in order to complete an application to vote in state or federal elections, but does not require voters to provide documentary proof of citizenship. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the application "may require only the minimum amount of information necessary to prevent duplicate voter registrations and permit State officials both to determine the eligibility of the applicant to vote and to administer the voting process."
- ↑ 8.08.1Missouri Secretary of State, "Request for Missouri Absentee Ballot," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Section 115.291," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑Missouri Secretary of State, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑National Conference of State Legislatures, "How States Verify Voted Absentee/Mail Ballots," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑ 12.012.1Missouri Secretary of State, "How To Vote," accessed April 3, 2019Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "howtovote" defined multiple times with different content - ↑Missouri Secretary of State, "Do I need an ID to vote?" accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑Missouri Secretary of State, "Vote: Frequently Asked Questions," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑Missouri Secretary of State, "Vote: How to Vote," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑ 16.016.1Missouri Secretary of State, "Rules of Elected Officials Division 30-Secretary of State, Chapter 8-Provisional Voting Procedures," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑ 17.017.117.2Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑National Conference of State Legislatures, "Provisional Ballots," accessed August 27, 2024
- ↑NCSL,"State Primary Election Types," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑Ballotpedia research conducted December 26, 2013, through January 3, 2014, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑John R. Ashcroft Missouri Secretary of State,"Frequently Asked Questions," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑Revisor of Statutes State of Missouri, "Title IX SUFFRAGE AND ELECTIONS," accessed April 4, 2023
- ↑John R. Ashcroft, "Frequently Asked Questions," accessed March 7, 2023
- ↑As of May 2024, the Justice Department notes, "Six States (Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) are exempt from the NVRA because, on and after August 1, 1994, they either had no voter-registration requirements or had election-day voter registration at polling places with respect to elections for federal office."
- ↑The United States Department of Justice, "The National Voter Registration Act of 1993," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑Missouri Revised Statutes, "115.133; 115.193; 115.195," accessed August 27, 2024
- ↑ERIC, "FAQ," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑ERIC, "Who We Are," accessed May 29, 2024
- ↑Missouri Secretary of State, “Letter to Shane Hamlin,” March 6, 2023
- ↑Electronic Registration Information Center, "Who We Are," accessed April 3, 2023
- ↑National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed August 27, 2024
- ↑National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed July 23, 2024
- ↑Election Assistance Commission, "Election Audits Across the United States," accessed August 22, 2024
- ↑Ballotpedia research conducted in October 2024, researching and analyzing various state websites and codes.
- ↑National Conference of State Legislatures, "Post-Election Audits," accessed October 4, 2024
- ↑All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
- ↑Indy Week, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011
- ↑The Atlantic, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013
- ↑Redrawing the Lines, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015
- ↑ 40.040.1All About Redistricting, "Missouri," accessed April 16, 2024
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