Advertisement
MOST RECENT ARTICLES FROM JEFF PRESTRIDGE
Page
Why the 'very tricky' bond market that tripped up Trump could be your port in this tariffs storm... and deliver 7% returns on YOUR savings

13/04/25 01:06
What worrying times we are living in, geopolitically and financially. Scary, really scary. The see-sawing in equity and bond markets we have seen in recent days has yet to abate - despite President Trump's partial climbdown on tariffs. For the time being, the future remains uncertain. While the President's announcement on Wednesday of a 90-day pause on new tariffs to be imposed on trading partners was widely welcomed, the world is a far more dangerous place than it was before Trump embarked on putting the United States first. China and the US are at economic loggerheads and an end to their tariff impasse is not in sight....read
JUPITER GOLD & SILVER FUND: Up 35% in a year - despite the market turmoil
12/04/25 08:51The fund has two major components: first, direct exposure to gold and silver prices. The second part comprises holdings in the shares of listed mining companies.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Don't let your building society's fat cat get the cream at the AGM!
12/04/25 08:50A big thank you for your comments on my report about the juicy financial rewards enjoyed by many building society bosses.These are hot investments that professional stock pickers are buying NOW to profit from Trump's trade tariff wars - as revealed to money guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE
08/04/25 09:01Uncertainty, market volatility and negative sentiment are back in spades and there seems little light at the end of the tunnel.SHIRES INCOME: The high-yield investment trust standing apart from rival funds
05/04/25 08:51Shires Income goes under the radar of most investors. Not because it doesn't do a good job, but as a result of its small size - which means it fails to get on the fund 'buy' lists.Building society boss is paid £5.7million in just two years, reveals JEFF PRESTRIDGE - so will YOU vote through this year's bumper pay deals?
05/04/25 02:39JEFF PRESTRIDGE: I have a lot of personal finance appreciation for building societies. They support their communities, keeping branches open in towns where the banks have long upped sticks.What you MUST do to protect your pension from Trump's tariffs fallout: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
04/04/25 12:33Not for the last time, President Trump has sent the world into a frenzy like one of those spinning tops we were given for Christmas as youngsters. Here's how you can protect your pension.Has Labour tanked the housing market? - as experts tell what every buyer and seller should know
01/04/25 09:00The housing market is now at a crossroads - prices could keep drifting upwards, or they might correct. We just don't know.MARLBOROUGH EUROPEAN SPECIAL SITUATIONS: Seeking investment gems in under-the-radar market
29/03/25 09:50Making money from overlooked smaller companies is a mission that long-standing manager David Walton has pursued with a mix of zeal and success.The 16 shares to buy to escape Rachel Reeves' economic doom: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
29/03/25 04:46In the wake of the Spring Statement, Wealth asked some of the country's top investment experts to identify companies that could benefit from growth themes.TROJAN GLOBAL EQUITY FUND: Co-managers really do their homework for long-term gains
22/03/25 09:50There is one simple mission: to generate stellar capital returns for its investors by taking long-term stakes in some of the world's strongest companies.Last chance to grab your Woodford payout as £200M claim is made for victims, warns JEFF PRESTRIDGE
22/03/25 04:40It is nearly six years since Neil Woodford's investment empire began to crumble when dealings in the flagship Woodford Equity Income Fund (WEIF) were abruptly suspended.Is YOUR water bill soaring 61% next month? Shocked customers expose Thames Water to financial guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE
18/03/25 10:00Thames Water customers are having to endure court battles, protests at the company's HQ, and most troubling of all a big increase in their bills.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: A victory on cash Isas - but this battle is far from over
15/03/25 09:51There is every possibility that Rachel Reeves will let the furore die down - and then announce an assault.LAW DEBENTURE CORPORATION: The £1.2bn trust that shows being quirky can also be highly profitable
15/03/25 09:50In the 12 months to the end of December, the trust registered total investor returns of 15.9 per cent - well ahead of the 9.5 per cent returns from its benchmark, the FTSE All-Share Index.The investment world's been rocked by a new kind of fund: Money guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE reveals if and how it can make YOU rich
15/03/25 04:43There are many criticisms you can level at the investment industry, keepers of our pension funds and stocks and shares Individual Savings Accounts.My battle plan to ride out the TRUMP SLUMP - and make your investments great again: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
11/03/25 10:13In recent days, the US stock market has been seriously rattled by the antics of gunslinger Donald Trump and his America-first approach.Pet insurance has become so costly that owners are cancelling, says JEFF PRESTRIDGE
08/03/25 09:51Patrick Derrane has just cancelled cover after his insurer refused to pay out when his nine-year-old schnoodle, Ted, was hit by a car, leaving him with a £1,000 bill.F&C INVESTMENT TRUST: World-beater is on track to up dividend... for the 54th year running
08/03/25 09:50Over the past one, three, five and ten years, it has outperformed the average of its global fund peer group.Seven words from Rachel Reeves that have convinced me she's set to slash your cash Isa: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
04/03/25 10:00The end of the tax year is looming large on the horizon, which means the mad scramble to use our annual Isa allowance before April 5 has begun.Moving your pension pot should be easy but hold-ups can be hellish, says JEFF PRESTRIDGE
01/03/25 09:51Far too many companies drag their feet for all kinds of reasons - incompetence foremost among them - and it isn't good enough. At the end of the day, it's our money, not theirs.REGNAN SUSTAINABLE WATER & WASTE: Global gurus run a gadget-free fund
22/02/25 09:51As its name suggests, the fund's objective is to hunt down companies focused on either water or waste - or both.The astonishing tale of a wrong address that led to false accusations of fraud: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
22/02/25 09:51For nigh on four years, Gabrielle O'Donovan had to convince HMRC that she was not the perpetrator of a massive VAT fraud.Hands off our Isas: Readers are raging over Chancellor's plans and poll shows just 15% would switch to shares
18/02/25 10:01Anne Wilkinson from Barnard Castle (pictured with husband Ian) said she would be 'extremely cross' if the annual allowance for cash Isas was reduced.INVESCO ASIA DRAGON TRUST: A happy union, with lower fees and regular dividends on way
15/02/25 09:50The trust is the result of the merger of two funds - Invesco Asia and Asia Dragon - to form the £800 million Invesco Asia Dragon.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Ring investors' bell, Chancellor - axe stamp duty on shares
15/02/25 09:50There is one simple thing that the Government could do to revitalise the UK stock market - scrap 0.5 per cent stamp duty on share purchases.I fear Labour sends a wrecking ball through cash Isas, warns JEFF PRESTRIDGE: What you must do NOW to protect yourself
11/02/25 10:04Is Rachel from Accounts about to make the most calamitous decision of her eight-month tenure as Chancellor by axing tax-free cash Isas?MERCANTILE INVESTMENT TRUST: Housing giant giving fund a firmer foundation to build on
08/02/25 09:50A key holding co-manager Guy Anderson is bullish about is housebuilder Bellway.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Front door fiasco highlights Aviva's failings
08/02/25 09:50A £1,872 claim was rejected after Aviva got a third-party contractor to examine photos of the damage without an on-site visit.How to invest in Phoenix Effect recovery shares that can rise from the ashes - experts reveal their top picks
08/02/25 09:50Buying undervalued companies in the hope that they'll eventually soar requires nerves of steel and infinite patience.Hands off our cash ISAs! Chancellor warned proposal to slash amount that can be put in tax-free accounts could hurt savers AND trigger a mortgage crisis
07/02/25 10:28Major firms argue that almost £300 billion sitting in cash Isas would generate better returns - and help Labour's growth mission - if it was instead invested in the much riskier stock market .FIDELITY EUROPEAN TRUST: Focus on stock picking 'world beater' companies
01/02/25 09:51The fund comprises 45 stocks, many of them familiar names and in Stotzel's words 'world beaters' deriving a big chunk of their earnings outside of Europe.Tax return deadline fury: How HMRC just stopped picking up the phone - as calls answered fall by HALF
28/01/25 10:01Between now and midnight on Friday, there will be a mad scramble among taxpayers to file their self-assessment tax returns - and pay any tax due.LANSDOWNE EUROPEAN SPECIAL SITUATIONS FUND: New man at helm - but prospects of profits remain high
25/01/25 09:51So far, so good, it's going solidly.' That is the verdict of Daniel Avigad on the returns he has generated for investors from the investment fund he started managing 17 months ago.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Hit by the Woodford debacle? Join these £200m litigators
25/01/25 09:50Since I last wrote on this claim just over a month ago, RGL has added a further 1,500 claimants to the group action, taking the total to 6,600.Four ways Rachel Reeves and her new sidekick plan to scalp YOUR pension: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
21/01/25 10:09Pensions minister Torsten Bell (pictured), who has just arrived at the Treasury, has previously questioned the sustainability of the triple lock.I fear Labour will rip up the rules and raid our pensions - and this bombshell revelation from the party's new henchman gives the game away, reveals JEFF PRESTRIDGE
19/01/25 12:00Although the embattled Chancellor of the Exchequer was given a temporary reprieve last week, make no mistake: Rachel Reeves remains under acute pressure.FEDERATED HERMES US SMID EQUITY FUND: Tortoise CAN beat the hare
18/01/25 09:50Like many other US smaller companies' funds, it often gets the cold shoulder because it doesn't invest in the Magnificent Seven tech stocks.As Rick Stein goes back to 1975 prices at his restaurant, JEFF PRESTRIDGE takes a step back in time to unwind inflation
17/01/25 11:15How kind it would be on our pockets if the High Street did a 'Rick Stein' and charged us 1975 prices for a wee while (four days in Rick's case).ZENNOR JAPAN EQUITY INCOME FUND: Japan specialist that is thriving by following laws of Warren Buffett
11/01/25 09:51Japan Equity Income has generated total investor returns of 19 per cent - better than the average Japanese fund over the same period of 17 per cent.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Don't let a ruthless US fund manager destroy your trust
11/01/25 09:50Unless these trust investors want their money to be run in the future by Saba, they need to vote against the proposals put forward by this corporate opportunist.Labour's offering bribes of £7,500 to get a heat pump - but before you take the plunge you MUST read this
08/01/25 01:35Heat pumps divide opinion. Homeowners either like them or loathe them - but even those who have embraced these heating devices say they are fraught with problems.Labour's offering bribes of £7,500 to get a heat pump - but before you take the plunge you MUST read this
07/01/25 10:39Andy and Michelle Powell (pictured) had a new heat pump installed in their four-bedroom home just outside the market town of Berkeley in Gloucestershire.Where you should invest your money (and the pitfalls to avoid) to set yourself up for a prosperous 2025, by the Mail's wealth guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE
29/12/24 02:03New Year is not just about celebrating the start of another year. It's also a time for reflection, new resolutions and resolve, especially when it comes to financial matters.BLUE WHALE GROWTH: Fund's prediction... a fall in share prices of US big tech
28/12/24 09:51Manager Stephen Yiu's view is that the 'narrative could change' next year for the magnificent seven - chipmaker Nvidia excepted - as revenues are eroded by vast expenditure on AI.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Loyalty counts for nothing if you want cheaper insurance cover
28/12/24 09:51Anyone who has just received a renewal notice from their insurer demanding a double-digit price increase should shop around.I want to forget my nightmare 2024 - I was left close to despair by Mum's cancer death and my own very expensive divorce, by the Mail's wealth guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE
28/12/24 04:43On New Year's Eve, I intend to dance the night away with friends at a hotel in Berkshire. It will bring to an end an annus horribilis - a year I can't wait to wipe from my memory.Woodford sheds tears over his fund but only for himself: JEFF PRESTRIDGE's damning verdict
21/12/24 09:51In the video, recorded in Dubai, Woodford looked as fit as a butcher's dog, firing shot after shot at those he felt responsible for the demise of his investment fund.ALLIANCE WITAN: Merger gives investment trust coveted place at top table
21/12/24 09:50The trust's elevation to the FTSE100 is due to the merger of Alliance and Witan - although it's more akin to a take-over with Witan's assets being absorbed into Alliance.RATHBONE ETHICAL BOND FUND: A 'glorified money lender' helping to revitalise the rainforest
14/12/24 09:52Fund manager Bryn Jones says bond yields of between five and six per cent are currently 'attractive' - especially if interest rates come down steadily.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: I love bank hubs... and now Chancellor tells me she does too
14/12/24 09:51Reeves was in ebullient mood on Friday as she opened the country's 100th banking hub in Darwen, Lancashire.CT UK HIGH INCOME: With portfolio of high-yielding UK shares, results are on the up
07/12/24 09:50Under the command of a new manager this trust can deliver income against the backdrop of rising capital returns - something the it has struggled to achieve in recent years.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Vernon Building Society is a small mutual with a big heart
07/12/24 09:50The Stockport mutual is revamping its branches and still hands out passbooks... but outgoing boss Steve Fletcher has modernised in other ways.Meet the 'special' fund manager who made a 605% gain in 13 years - what ANTHONY BOLTON has to say about investing now
01/12/24 04:25When the email came in, I nearly dismissed it. Yet another press release, I thought, to add to the hundreds I receive every day.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Campaigner, 84, who brought banking back to our High Streets
30/11/24 09:51When the Hertfordshire town of Harpenden gets its promised banking hub it will be largely down to the tireless effort of Derek French.POLAR CAPITAL GLOBAL FINANCIALS TRUST: Make money from the big banks
30/11/24 09:50The trust has more than half of its assets in the United States. It is run by Nick Brind, George Barrow and Tom Dorne who are brimming with experience of running financial funds.Why experts say Labour's heat pumps drive will never work - as costs to fit one can hit £32,000 per household: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
26/11/24 10:36Homeowners are once again being encouraged to rip out their gas boilers and replace them with expensive heat pumps to help save the planet.Amid alarming talk of World War 3, here are four ways to protect YOUR wealth from global turmoil: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
24/11/24 01:47Some military experts are whispering three words none of us thought we would ever hear in our lifetimes: World War III. Here are the best ideas to protect your money.EDINBURGH INVESTMENT TRUST Impressive returns and a bumper dividend
23/11/24 09:51The only disappointment is that the trust's shares continue to trade at a double-digit discount to their underlying assets.How HALF of a pension could be gobbled up by Labour's inheritance tax snatch: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
19/11/24 10:25Although it was the farmers who took to the streets of London yesterday, another group is equally angry about the tax hit they face.JUPITER UK INCOME: Fund in radical shift as it turns its focus on to the best of Britain
16/11/24 09:52The overhaul was triggered by the appointment of new investment managers after Jupiter's 'star' stock picker Ben Whitmore decided to jump ship.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Now 5,000 join High Court action over Woodford losses
16/11/24 09:51RGL insists that another tranche of claimants will be added in the new year with the final group claim likely to be in excess of £200million. Average claims will be for around £20,000, including interest.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Will Rachel Reeves' pensions shake-up be radical or just another damp squib?
14/11/24 01:50JEFF PRESTRIDGE: On paper, the Chancellor's overhaul of the country's fragmented pensions industry is welcome.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: The insurance market flaw that must be rectified NOW
10/11/24 11:54What a wicked game insurers play with their customers. A reader contacted me last week about his experience with Hastings Direct, and it's all rather unedifying.AEGON GLOBAL EQUITY INCOME: Fund jam-packed with stock market's biggest beasts
09/11/24 09:50Mark Peden set up the Aegon fund 12 years ago and it has been a resounding success, delivering an attractive mix of income and capital return.Labour's attack on pensions isn't over - why I believe they will be hit AGAIN: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
03/11/24 11:46The reverberations from Wednesday's Budget continue - and they are not good ones.CHARTERIS GOLD & PRECIOUS METALS: Boutique fund mines a rich seam of profit from soaring gold price
02/11/24 09:50Over the past year, the fund has delivered a strong return for investors of 49 per cent, but manager Ian Williams believes there are more returns to be had.Don't panic - you CAN dodge the great capital gains grab: JEFF PRESTRIDGE
02/11/24 02:11Of all the personal finance measures announced in the Chancellor's high-spending, high-taxing Budget, the one that took experts by surprise was the hike in capital gains tax (CGT) on share sales.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Your pension is under assault - as Labour launches an inheritance tax raid, these are the four vital steps you must take NOW
01/11/24 02:03Chancellors come in all shapes and sizes, intent on stamping their brand of politics on to the nation's finances. Often, as with Ms Reeves's disastrous Budget two days ago, for the worse.How to escape the Budget inheritance tax raid on pensions: JEFF PRESTRIDGE on what you must know
31/10/24 01:41JEFF PRESTRIDGE: It's confession time. Yesterday's Budget wasn't as awful as I thought it would be.Don't panic! Financial guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE's Budget guide reveals exactly what you need to know
30/10/24 04:55We were prepared for the worst - a devastating tax hit on Middle England. But today's Budget, delivered by a feisty Chancellor of the Exchequer, wasn't quite as bad as most of us expected.Your last-minute Budget battle plan, by financial guru JEFF PRESTRIDGE. Act NOW and you can still save yourself thousands
29/10/24 10:22Today we will finally discover how Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves intends to raise up to £35 billion in new taxes.ARTEMIS SMARTGARP GLOBAL EMERGING MARKETS EQUITY FUND is using data to stay ahead of the pack
26/10/24 09:58Although Artemis is very much an 'active' investor, with fund managers responsible for the portfolios they construct, nearly 10% of its money is managed in a more methodical way.Spiteful attacks on pensioners. A bashing for business. This Budget will be a vindictive horror show, says JEFF PRESTRIDGE
26/10/24 09:02JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Rachel Reeves's Budget is going to be a horror show of Frankenstein proportion. For those of you with delicate constitutions, I advise you not to watch itJEFF PRESTRIDGE: The cost of public sector pensions is already mind-blowing. It beggars belief that Labour could protect them once again from a Budget tax raid...
24/10/24 12:56In Rachel Reeves's mind, public sector pensions must be protected at any cost, irrespective of the state of the country's finances. Only those of private sector workers should be mined for tax.Seven-day plan to beat the Budget tax raid: JEFF PRESTRIDGE's essential guide can save you thousands
22/10/24 09:18This time next week, Chancellor of the Exchequer Rachel Reeves (pictured) will launch the most brutal Budget tax raid in history.ABRDN UK SMALLER COMPANIES GROWTH TRUST: The bargain fund hunting big UK firms of tomorrow
19/10/24 08:51Despite Budget concerns, Abrdn argues that shares in many UK smaller companies represent outstanding value for money.I fear Rachel Reeves will commit political attack on work pensions in Budget, says JEFF PRESTRIDGE
19/10/24 08:50If you or your children are pension savers, or you have grandchildren yet to jump on the pension ladder, I am in danger of spoiling your day.What makes a great fund manager? Learn fast and do your homework, says JEFF PRESTRIDGE
19/10/24 08:50Over the years, I've interviewed hundreds of fund managers - but it is the investment process that sits behind them which really counts.JEFF PRESTRIDGE: Middle Englanders will take most of the tax hit. And, of course, pensions will not be spared
13/10/24 11:01One hundred long days and short nights (I don't sleep well) have passed since Labour roared into power with a thumping majority.
Page
POPULAR MONEY SECTIONS
- Best savings rates tables
- Find the best mortgage calculator
- Power Portfolio investment tracker
- Stock market data and share prices
- This is Money's podcast
- This is Money's newsletter
- The best DIY investing platforms
- The best bank accounts
- The best cash Isas
- The best credit cards
- Save on energy bills
- Compare broadband and TV deals
- How to find cheaper car insurance
- Investing Show videos
- Financial calculators
Advertisement
DON'T MISS
How can I rebuild my credit score after clearing £10,000 of debt?
I have £20,000 to save or invest: Should I worry about markets falling?Sponsored
Electric Range Rover completes Arctic Circle test as it bids to become the 'world's most capable luxury SUV'
How to claim pension tax relief: Are YOU missing out on a refund?
Secrets of the baked bean: HARVEY DORSET goes inside Wigan's Heinz factory
Invest in AI but avoid the hype - why fund managers are buying Asian tech starsSponsored
Which major stock markets have fallen the most since Trump's tariff Liberation Day?
Energy price cap will fall in July, expert forecaster predicts - is it still worth fixing your tariff now?
EXCLUSIVE New lender launches mortgages at seven times income - is it a good idea?
I'd invest in ITV over Netflix: Temple Bar's Ian Lance on bargain shares
There is only one star at this year's Washington financial gatherings - and it's not Rachel Reeves: ALEX BRUMMER
Nissan estimates £4BN net loss in revised earnings forecast as it embraces huge cost-cutting measures'
Why wasn't my pension lifestyled? I lost £8,500 in stock market downturn: CRANE ON THE CASE
How I became solar panels convert - and even made a profit on my electricity bill, by SIR STEVE WEBB
EXCLUSIVE Period homes now cost 123% more a year to insure than contemporary properties
MOST READ MONEY
EXCLUSIVE How much do YOU spend on bills each month? Cities with highest - and lowest - budgets revealed
Reeves fights fiscal storm - but her claims to have fixed the foundations look increasingly premature: ALEX BRUMMER
Two major lenders relax mortgage rules - first-time buyers can now borrow £39,000 more
How you can add hundreds of pounds to your car before selling it - nine simple (and cheap) tricks to use
Nationwide cuts mortgage rates and now offers best buy for home movers
Big building society launches savings account with 5% rate and one-off £50,000 prize draw
How fake 'Reese Witherspoon' tried to cheat us out of thousands: We expose a devious new crime wave
Mercedes previews Vision V electric limo with a 65-inch telly and karaoke bar mode
Britain's beauty spots where you can buy your dream home for 30% BELOW the asking price
Is a bitcoin economy the future? HARVEY DORSET watches a new documentary claiming it is (and is left unconvinced)
Investors are flocking to buy gold: RACHEL RICKARD STRAUS visits the vaults where it's kept
My company pension is moving to an insurer - what happens if it goes bust? STEVE WEBB replies
Lewis Hamilton-backed synthetic meat burger chain shuts last UK restaurants as losses mount
Being designated driver on a night out could cost you big, major car insurer warns
Increased state pension arrive in accounts: How much will YOURS rise by?
Dollar in the eye of a storm as Trump's policies push the US economy to the brink: ALEX BRUMMER
How homeowners can spread the cost of solar panels and take control of their energy bills
Cars owners sell quickest revealed: Tesla tops the list AGAIN but an old favourite proves a keeper
What's YOUR risk appetite? Are you an adventurous, balanced or cautious investor - take our quiz
I volunteered to dogsit my friend's ' puppy and it cost me £1,000 in damages. Should I send her the bill? VICKY REYNAL replies
How EV makers are trying to make them sound, feel and drive like petrol cars - but can you be tricked?
TONY HETHERINGTON: My pension and lump sum were hacked back... just as I retired
The hacks that could save landlords thousands on buy-to-let mortgages - and it could be as simple as changing the lightbulbs!
Households face higher bills due to row over gas storage hub
How to spot the next Banksy or Hockney - for as little as £500
RUTH SUNDERLAND: Donald Trump's bitter pill for pharma could benefit UK
Six technologies of the future to invest in TODAY to make your children rich
MIDAS SHARE TIPS: Unearth the off-beat firms set to profit from the new GOLD RUSH
The expert guide to riding out the Trump tariffs rodeo by investment guru ANNE ASHWORTH
Labour may axe green levies to save steel
KATHY LETTE wrote her debut novel aged just 19 - and it still pays the bills
Abandoned water tower going up for auction for £275,000
Half a million low-income savers to get up to a 50% Government boost
Are these SUVs now modern classics? Noughties cars like Porsche's Cayenne will be collector's items, experts say
Is it time investors waved goodbye to US tech titans? Where to look for profits now
We bought an old, draughty house: How much will it cost to insulate it?
Savings bonuses have sparked cash Isa madness - here's how to take advantage: SIMON LAMBERT
Can Trump still turn out to be good for investors after the tariff slump? INVESTING SHOW
Netflix profits are out of this world as viewers sign up to cheaper deals that include adverts
EXCLUSIVE The bitcoin holding company betting on being the UK stock market's answer to MicroStrategy