Building a CLI with a GitHub App

Introduction

This tutorial demonstrates how to build a command line interface (CLI) backed by a GitHub App, and how to use the device flow to generate a user access token for the app.

The CLI will have three commands:

• help: Outputs the usage instructions.
• login: Generates a user access token that the app can use to make API requests on behalf of the user.
• whoami: Returns information about the logged in user.

This tutorial uses Ruby, but you can write a CLI and use the device flow to generate a user access token with any programming language.

About device flow and user access tokens

The CLI will use the device flow to authenticate a user and generate a user access token. Then, the CLI can use the user access token to make API requests on behalf of the authenticated user.

Your app should use a user access token if you want to attribute the app's actions to a user. For more information, see Authenticating with a GitHub App on behalf of a user.

There are two ways to generate a user access token for a GitHub App: web application flow and device flow. You should use the device flow to generate a user access token if your app is headless or does not have access to a web interface. For example, CLI tools, simple Raspberry Pis, and desktop applications should use the device flow. If your app has access to a web interface, you should use web application flow instead. For more information, see Generating a user access token for a GitHub App and Building a "Login with GitHub" button with a GitHub App.

Prerequisites

This tutorial assumes that you have already registered a GitHub App. For more information about registering a GitHub App, see Registering a GitHub App.

Before following this tutorial, you must enable device flow for your app. For more information about enabling device flow for your app, see Modifying a GitHub App registration.

This tutorial assumes that you have a basic understanding of Ruby. For more information, see Ruby.

Get the client ID

You will need your app's client ID in order to generate a user access token via the device flow.

1. In the upper-right corner of any page on GitHub, click your profile photo.

2. Navigate to your account settings.

   • For an app owned by a personal account, click Settings.
   • For an app owned by an organization:
     1. Click Your organizations.
     2. To the right of the organization, click Settings.

3. In the left sidebar, click Developer settings.

4. In the left sidebar, click GitHub Apps.

5. Next to the GitHub App that you want to work with, click Edit.

6. On the app's settings page, find the client ID for your app. You will use it later in this tutorial. Note that the client ID is different from the app ID.

Write the CLI

These steps lead you through building a CLI and using device flow to get a user access token. To skip ahead to the final code, see Full code example.

Setup

1. Create a Ruby file to hold the code that will generate a user access token. This tutorial will name the file app_cli.rb.

2. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run the following command to make app_cli.rb executable:

   Text

   chmod +x app_cli.rb 

3. Add this line to the top of app_cli.rb to indicate that the Ruby interpreter should be used to run the script:

   Ruby

   #!/usr/bin/env ruby

4. Add these dependencies to the top of app_cli.rb, following #!/usr/bin/env ruby:

   Ruby

   require"net/http"require"json"require"uri"require"fileutils"

   These are all part of the Ruby standard library, so you don't need to install any gems.

5. Add the following main function that will serve as an entry point. The function includes a case statement to take different actions depending on which command is specified. You will expand this case statement later.

   Ruby

   defmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" puts "`help` is not yet defined"when"login" puts "`login` is not yet defined"when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command `#{ARGV[0]}`"endend

6. At the bottom of the file, add the following line to call the entry point function. This function call should remain at the bottom of your file as you add more functions to this file later in the tutorial.

   Ruby

   main 

7. Optionally, check your progress:

   app_cli.rb now looks like this:

   Ruby

   #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire"net/http"require"json"require"uri"require"fileutils"defmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" puts "`help` is not yet defined"when"login" puts "`login` is not yet defined"when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command `#{ARGV[0]}`"endend main 

   In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb help. You should see this output:

   `help` is not yet defined 

   You can also test your script without a command or with an unhandled command. For example, ./app_cli.rb create-issue should output:

   Unknown command `create-issue` 

Add a help command

1. Add the following help function to app_cli.rb. Currently, the help function prints a line to tell users that this CLI takes one command, "help". You will expand this help function later.

   Ruby

   defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <help>"end

2. Update the main function to call the help function when the help command is given:

   Ruby

   defmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" puts "`login` is not yet defined"when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endend

3. Optionally, check your progress:

   app_cli.rb now looks like this. The order of the functions doesn't matter as long as the main function call is at the end of the file.

   Ruby

   #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire"net/http"require"json"require"uri"require"fileutils"defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <help>"enddefmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" puts "`login` is not yet defined"when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endend main 

   In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb help. You should see this output:

   usage: app_cli <help>

Add a login command

The login command will run the device flow to get a user access token. For more information, see Generating a user access token for a GitHub App.

1. Near the top of your file, after the require statements, add the CLIENT_ID of your GitHub App as a constant in app_cli.rb. For more information about finding your app's client ID, see Get the client ID. Replace YOUR_CLIENT_ID with the client ID of your app:

   Ruby

   CLIENT_ID="YOUR_CLIENT_ID"

2. Add the following parse_response function to app_cli.rb. This function parses a response from the GitHub REST API. When the response status is 200 OK or 201 Created, the function returns the parsed response body. Otherwise, the function prints the response and body and exits the program.

   Ruby

   defparse_response(response) case response whenNet::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPCreatedJSON.parse(response.body) else puts response puts response.body exit 1endend

3. Add the following request_device_code function to app_cli.rb. This function makes a POST request to https://github.com/login/device/code and returns the response.

   Ruby

   defrequest_device_code uri = URI("https://github.com/login/device/code") parameters = URI.encode_www_form("client_id" =>CLIENT_ID) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) end

4. Add the following request_token function to app_cli.rb. This function makes a POST request to https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token and returns the response.

   Ruby

   defrequest_token(device_code) uri = URI("https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token") parameters = URI.encode_www_form({ "client_id" =>CLIENT_ID, "device_code" => device_code, "grant_type" =>"urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code" }) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) end

5. Add the following poll_for_token function to app_cli.rb. This function polls https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token at the specified interval until GitHub responds with an access_token parameter instead of an error parameter. Then, it writes the user access token to a file and restricts the permissions on the file.

   Ruby

   defpoll_for_token(device_code, interval) loop do response = request_token(device_code) error, access_token = response.values_at("error", "access_token") if error case error when"authorization_pending"# The user has not yet entered the code.# Wait, then poll again. sleep interval nextwhen"slow_down"# The app polled too fast.# Wait for the interval plus 5 seconds, then poll again. sleep interval + 5nextwhen"expired_token"# The `device_code` expired, and the process needs to restart. puts "The device code has expired. Please run `login` again." exit 1when"access_denied"# The user cancelled the process. Stop polling. puts "Login cancelled by user." exit 1else puts response exit 1endendFile.write("./.token", access_token) # Set the file permissions so that only the file owner can read or modify the fileFileUtils.chmod(0600, "./.token") breakendend

6. Add the following login function.

   This function:

   1. Calls the request_device_code function and gets the verification_uri, user_code, device_code, and interval parameters from the response.
   2. Prompts users to enter the user_code from the previous step.
   3. Calls the poll_for_token to poll GitHub for an access token.
   4. Lets the user know that authentication was successful.
   Ruby

   deflogin verification_uri, user_code, device_code, interval = request_device_code.values_at("verification_uri", "user_code", "device_code", "interval") puts "Please visit: #{verification_uri}" puts "and enter code: #{user_code}" poll_for_token(device_code, interval) puts "Successfully authenticated!"end

7. Update the main function to call the login function when the login command is given:

   Ruby

   defmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" login when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endend

8. Update the help function to include the login command:

   Ruby

   defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <login | help>"end

9. Optionally, check your progress:

   app_cli.rb now looks something like this, where YOUR_CLIENT_ID is the client ID of your app. The order of the functions doesn't matter as long as the main function call is at the end of the file.

   Ruby

   #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire"net/http"require"json"require"uri"require"fileutils"CLIENT_ID="YOUR_CLIENT_ID"defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <login | help>"enddefmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" login when"whoami" puts "`whoami` is not yet defined"else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endenddefparse_response(response) case response whenNet::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPCreatedJSON.parse(response.body) else puts response puts response.body exit 1endenddefrequest_device_code uri = URI("https://github.com/login/device/code") parameters = URI.encode_www_form("client_id" =>CLIENT_ID) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) enddefrequest_token(device_code) uri = URI("https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token") parameters = URI.encode_www_form({ "client_id" =>CLIENT_ID, "device_code" => device_code, "grant_type" =>"urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code" }) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) enddefpoll_for_token(device_code, interval) loop do response = request_token(device_code) error, access_token = response.values_at("error", "access_token") if error case error when"authorization_pending"# The user has not yet entered the code.# Wait, then poll again. sleep interval nextwhen"slow_down"# The app polled too fast.# Wait for the interval plus 5 seconds, then poll again. sleep interval + 5nextwhen"expired_token"# The `device_code` expired, and the process needs to restart. puts "The device code has expired. Please run `login` again." exit 1when"access_denied"# The user cancelled the process. Stop polling. puts "Login cancelled by user." exit 1else puts response exit 1endendFile.write("./.token", access_token) # Set the file permissions so that only the file owner can read or modify the fileFileUtils.chmod(0600, "./.token") breakendenddeflogin verification_uri, user_code, device_code, interval = request_device_code.values_at("verification_uri", "user_code", "device_code", "interval") puts "Please visit: #{verification_uri}" puts "and enter code: #{user_code}" poll_for_token(device_code, interval) puts "Successfully authenticated!"end main 

   1. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb login. You should see output that looks like this. The code will differ every time:

      Please visit: https://github.com/login/device and enter code: CA86-8D94 

   2. Navigate to https://github.com/login/device in your browser and enter the code from the previous step, then click Continue.

   3. GitHub should display a page that prompts you to authorize your app. Click the "Authorize" button.

   4. Your terminal should now say "Successfully authenticated!".

Add a whoami command

Now that your app can generate a user access token, you can make API requests on behalf of the user. Add a whoami command to get the username of the authenticated user.

1. Add the following whoami function to app_cli.rb. This function gets information about the user with the /user REST API endpoint. It outputs the username that corresponds to the user access token. If the .token file was not found, it prompts the user to run the login function.

   Ruby

   defwhoami uri = URI("https://api.github.com/user") begin token = File.read("./.token").strip rescueErrno::ENOENT => e puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1end response = Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl:true) do |http| body = {"access_token" => token}.to_json headers = {"Accept" =>"application/vnd.github+json", "Authorization" =>"Bearer #{token}"} http.send_request("GET", uri.path, body, headers) end parsed_response = parse_response(response) puts "You are #{parsed_response["login"]}"end

2. Update the parse_response function to handle the case where the token has expired or been revoked. Now, if you get a 401 Unauthorized response, the CLI will prompt the user to run the login command.

   Ruby

   defparse_response(response) case response whenNet::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPCreatedJSON.parse(response.body) whenNet::HTTPUnauthorized puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1else puts response puts response.body exit 1endend

3. Update the main function to call the whoami function when the whoami command is given:

   Ruby

   defmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" login when"whoami" whoami else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endend

4. Update the help function to include the whoami command:

   Ruby

   defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <login | whoami | help>"end

5. Check your code against the full code example in the next section. You can test your code by following the steps outlined in the Testing section below the full code example.

Full code example

This is the full code example that was outlined in the previous section. Replace YOUR_CLIENT_ID with the client ID of your app.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby require "net/http" require "json" require "uri" require "fileutils" CLIENT_ID="YOUR_CLIENT_ID" def help puts "usage: app_cli <login | whoami | help>" end def main case ARGV[0] when "help" help when "login" login when "whoami" whoami else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}" end end def parse_response(response) case response when Net::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPCreated JSON.parse(response.body) when Net::HTTPUnauthorized puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1 else puts response puts response.body exit 1 end end def request_device_code uri = URI("https://github.com/login/device/code") parameters = URI.encode_www_form("client_id" => CLIENT_ID) headers = {"Accept" => "application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) end def request_token(device_code) uri = URI("https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token") parameters = URI.encode_www_form({ "client_id" => CLIENT_ID, "device_code" => device_code, "grant_type" => "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code" }) headers = {"Accept" => "application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) end def poll_for_token(device_code, interval) loop do response = request_token(device_code) error, access_token = response.values_at("error", "access_token") if error case error when "authorization_pending" # The user has not yet entered the code. # Wait, then poll again. sleep interval next when "slow_down" # The app polled too fast. # Wait for the interval plus 5 seconds, then poll again. sleep interval + 5 next when "expired_token" # The `device_code` expired, and the process needs to restart. puts "The device code has expired. Please run `login` again." exit 1 when "access_denied" # The user cancelled the process. Stop polling. puts "Login cancelled by user." exit 1 else puts response exit 1 end end File.write("./.token", access_token) # Set the file permissions so that only the file owner can read or modify the file FileUtils.chmod(0600, "./.token") break end end def login verification_uri, user_code, device_code, interval = request_device_code.values_at("verification_uri", "user_code", "device_code", "interval") puts "Please visit: #{verification_uri}" puts "and enter code: #{user_code}" poll_for_token(device_code, interval) puts "Successfully authenticated!" end def whoami uri = URI("https://api.github.com/user") begin token = File.read("./.token").strip rescue Errno::ENOENT => e puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1 end response = Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl: true) do |http| body = {"access_token" => token}.to_json headers = {"Accept" => "application/vnd.github+json", "Authorization" => "Bearer #{token}"} http.send_request("GET", uri.path, body, headers) end parsed_response = parse_response(response) puts "You are #{parsed_response["login"]}" end main 

#!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire"net/http"require"json"require"uri"require"fileutils"CLIENT_ID="YOUR_CLIENT_ID"defhelp puts "usage: app_cli <login | whoami | help>"enddefmaincaseARGV[0] when"help" help when"login" login when"whoami" whoami else puts "Unknown command #{ARGV[0]}"endenddefparse_response(response) case response whenNet::HTTPOK, Net::HTTPCreatedJSON.parse(response.body) whenNet::HTTPUnauthorized puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1else puts response puts response.body exit 1endenddefrequest_device_code uri = URI("https://github.com/login/device/code") parameters = URI.encode_www_form("client_id" =>CLIENT_ID) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) enddefrequest_token(device_code) uri = URI("https://github.com/login/oauth/access_token") parameters = URI.encode_www_form({ "client_id" =>CLIENT_ID, "device_code" => device_code, "grant_type" =>"urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code" }) headers = {"Accept" =>"application/json"} response = Net::HTTP.post(uri, parameters, headers) parse_response(response) enddefpoll_for_token(device_code, interval) loop do response = request_token(device_code) error, access_token = response.values_at("error", "access_token") if error case error when"authorization_pending"# The user has not yet entered the code.# Wait, then poll again. sleep interval nextwhen"slow_down"# The app polled too fast.# Wait for the interval plus 5 seconds, then poll again. sleep interval + 5nextwhen"expired_token"# The `device_code` expired, and the process needs to restart. puts "The device code has expired. Please run `login` again." exit 1when"access_denied"# The user cancelled the process. Stop polling. puts "Login cancelled by user." exit 1else puts response exit 1endendFile.write("./.token", access_token) # Set the file permissions so that only the file owner can read or modify the fileFileUtils.chmod(0600, "./.token") breakendenddeflogin verification_uri, user_code, device_code, interval = request_device_code.values_at("verification_uri", "user_code", "device_code", "interval") puts "Please visit: #{verification_uri}" puts "and enter code: #{user_code}" poll_for_token(device_code, interval) puts "Successfully authenticated!"enddefwhoami uri = URI("https://api.github.com/user") begin token = File.read("./.token").strip rescueErrno::ENOENT => e puts "You are not authorized. Run the `login` command." exit 1end response = Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, use_ssl:true) do |http| body = {"access_token" => token}.to_json headers = {"Accept" =>"application/vnd.github+json", "Authorization" =>"Bearer #{token}"} http.send_request("GET", uri.path, body, headers) end parsed_response = parse_response(response) puts "You are #{parsed_response["login"]}"end main 

Testing

This tutorial assumes that your app code is stored in a file named app_cli.rb.

1. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb help. You should see output that looks like this.

   usage: app_cli <login | whoami | help>

2. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb login. You should see output that looks like this. The code will differ every time:

   Please visit: https://github.com/login/device and enter code: CA86-8D94 

3. Navigate to https://github.com/login/device in your browser and enter the code from the previous step, then click Continue.

4. GitHub should display a page that prompts you to authorize your app. Click the "Authorize" button.

5. Your terminal should now say "Successfully authenticated!".

6. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb whoami. You should see output that looks like this, where octocat is your username.

   You are octocat 

7. Open the .token file in your editor, and modify the token. Now, the token is invalid.

8. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb whoami. You should see output that looks like this:

   You are not authorized. Run the `login` command. 

9. Delete the .token file.

10. In your terminal, from the directory where app_cli.rb is stored, run ./app_cli.rb whoami. You should see output that looks like this:

    You are not authorized. Run the `login` command. 

Next steps

Adjust the code to meet your app's needs

This tutorial demonstrated how to write a CLI that uses the device flow to generate a user access token. You can expand this CLI to accept additional commands. For example, you can add a create-issue command that opens an issue. Remember to update your app's permissions if your app needs additional permissions for the API requests that you want to make. For more information, see Choosing permissions for a GitHub App.

Securely store tokens

This tutorial generates a user access token and saves it in a local file. You should never commit this file or publicize the token.

Depending on your device, you may choose different ways to store the token. You should check the best practices for storing tokens on your device.

For more information, see Best practices for creating a GitHub App.

Follow best practices

You should aim to follow best practices with your GitHub App. For more information, see Best practices for creating a GitHub App.