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importosimportsslimportsqlalchemydefconnect_tcp_socket()-> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:"""Initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not# secure - consider a more secure solution such as# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help# keep secrets safe.db_host=os.environ["INSTANCE_HOST"]# e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)db_user=os.environ["DB_USER"]# e.g. 'my-db-user'db_pass=os.environ["DB_PASS"]# e.g. 'my-db-password'db_name=os.environ["DB_NAME"]# e.g. 'my-database'db_port=os.environ["DB_PORT"]# e.g. 5432pool=sqlalchemy.create_engine(# Equivalent URL:# postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@<db_host>:<db_port>/<db_name>sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(drivername="postgresql+pg8000",username=db_user,password=db_pass,host=db_host,port=db_port,database=db_name,),# ...)returnpool

importcom.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;importcom.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;importjavax.sql.DataSource;publicclassTcpConnectionPoolFactoryextendsConnectionPoolFactory{// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.privatestaticfinalStringDB_USER=System.getenv("DB_USER");privatestaticfinalStringDB_PASS=System.getenv("DB_PASS");privatestaticfinalStringDB_NAME=System.getenv("DB_NAME");privatestaticfinalStringINSTANCE_HOST=System.getenv("INSTANCE_HOST");privatestaticfinalStringDB_PORT=System.getenv("DB_PORT");publicstaticDataSourcecreateConnectionPool(){// The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.HikariConfigconfig=newHikariConfig();// The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:// jdbc:postgresql://<INSTANCE_HOST>:<DB_PORT>/<DB_NAME>?user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>// See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory// https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url// Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql://%s:%s/%s",INSTANCE_HOST,DB_PORT,DB_NAME));config.setUsername(DB_USER);// e.g. "root", "postgres"config.setPassword(DB_PASS);// e.g. "my-password"// ... Specify additional connection properties here.// ...// Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.returnnewHikariDataSource(config);}}

constKnex=require('knex');constfs=require('fs');// createTcpPool initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL// instance of Postgres.constcreateTcpPool=asyncconfig=>{// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.constdbConfig={client:'pg',connection:{host:process.env.INSTANCE_HOST,// e.g. '127.0.0.1'port:process.env.DB_PORT,// e.g. '5432'user:process.env.DB_USER,// e.g. 'my-user'password:process.env.DB_PASS,// e.g. 'my-user-password'database:process.env.DB_NAME,// e.g. 'my-database'},// ... Specify additional properties here....config,};// Establish a connection to the database.returnKnex(dbConfig);};

packagecloudsqlimport("database/sql""fmt""log""os"// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex._"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib")// connectTCPSocket initializes a TCP connection pool for a Cloud SQL// instance of Postgres.funcconnectTCPSocket()(*sql.DB,error){mustGetenv:=func(kstring)string{v:=os.Getenv(k)ifv==""{log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_tcp.go: %s environment variable not set.",k)}returnv}// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.var(dbUser=mustGetenv("DB_USER")// e.g. 'my-db-user'dbPwd=mustGetenv("DB_PASS")// e.g. 'my-db-password'dbTCPHost=mustGetenv("INSTANCE_HOST")// e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flex)dbPort=mustGetenv("DB_PORT")// e.g. '5432'dbName=mustGetenv("DB_NAME")// e.g. 'my-database')dbURI:=fmt.Sprintf("host=%s user=%s password=%s port=%s database=%s",dbTCPHost,dbUser,dbPwd,dbPort,dbName)// dbPool is the pool of database connections.dbPool,err:=sql.Open("pgx",dbURI)iferr!=nil{returnnil,fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w",err)}// ...returndbPool,nil}

usingNpgsql;usingSystem;namespaceCloudSql{publicclassPostgreSqlTcp{publicstaticNpgsqlConnectionStringBuilderNewPostgreSqlTCPConnectionString(){// Equivalent connection string:// "Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Host=<INSTANCE_HOST>;Database=<DB_NAME>;"varconnectionString=newNpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder(){// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.Host=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_HOST"),// e.g. '127.0.0.1'// Set Host to 'cloudsql' when deploying to App Engine Flexible environmentUsername=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"),// e.g. 'my-db-user'Password=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"),// e.g. 'my-db-password'Database=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"),// e.g. 'my-database'// The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.SslMode=SslMode.Disable,};connectionString.Pooling=true;// Specify additional properties here.returnconnectionString;}}}

tcp:&tcpadapter:postgresql# Configure additional properties here.# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not# secure - consider a more secure solution such as# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help# keep secrets safe.username:<%= ENV["DB_USER"] %> # e.g. "my-database-user" password: <%=ENV["DB_PASS"]%># e.g. "my-database-password"database:<%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>  host: <%=ENV.fetch("INSTANCE_HOST"){"127.0.0.1"}%># '172.17.0.1' if deployed to GAE Flexport:<%=ENV.fetch("DB_PORT"){5432}%>

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;use PDO;use PDOException;use RuntimeException;use TypeError;class DatabaseTcp{ public static function initTcpDatabaseConnection(): PDO { try { // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not // secure - consider a more secure solution such as // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help // keep secrets safe. $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user' $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password' $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name' $instanceHost = getenv('INSTANCE_HOST'); // e.g. '127.0.0.1' ('172.17.0.1' for GAE Flex) // Connect using TCP $dsn = sprintf('pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceHost); // Connect to the database $conn = new PDO( $dsn, $username, $password, # ... ); } catch (TypeError $e) { throw new RuntimeException( sprintf( 'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' . '$username, $password, $dbName, and $instanceHost (for TCP mode). ' . 'The PHP error was %s', $e->getMessage() ), $e->getCode(), $e ); } catch (PDOException $e) { throw new RuntimeException( sprintf( 'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' . 'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' . 'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' . 'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s', 'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app', $e->getMessage() ), $e->getCode(), $e ); } return $conn; }}

importosimportsqlalchemydefconnect_unix_socket()-> sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine:"""Initializes a Unix socket connection pool for a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres."""# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not# secure - consider a more secure solution such as# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help# keep secrets safe.db_user=os.environ["DB_USER"]# e.g. 'my-database-user'db_pass=os.environ["DB_PASS"]# e.g. 'my-database-password'db_name=os.environ["DB_NAME"]# e.g. 'my-database'unix_socket_path=os.environ["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"]# e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'pool=sqlalchemy.create_engine(# Equivalent URL:# postgresql+pg8000://<db_user>:<db_pass>@/<db_name># ?unix_sock=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>/.s.PGSQL.5432# Note: Some drivers require the `unix_sock` query parameter to use a different key.# For example, 'psycopg2' uses the path set to `host` in order to connect successfully.sqlalchemy.engine.url.URL.create(drivername="postgresql+pg8000",username=db_user,password=db_pass,database=db_name,query={"unix_sock":f"{unix_socket_path}/.s.PGSQL.5432"},),# ...)returnpool

importcom.zaxxer.hikari.HikariConfig;importcom.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource;importjavax.sql.DataSource;publicclassConnectorConnectionPoolFactoryextendsConnectionPoolFactory{// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.privatestaticfinalStringINSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME=System.getenv("INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME");privatestaticfinalStringINSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET=System.getenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET");privatestaticfinalStringDB_USER=System.getenv("DB_USER");privatestaticfinalStringDB_PASS=System.getenv("DB_PASS");privatestaticfinalStringDB_NAME=System.getenv("DB_NAME");publicstaticDataSourcecreateConnectionPool(){// The configuration object specifies behaviors for the connection pool.HikariConfigconfig=newHikariConfig();// The following URL is equivalent to setting the config options below:// jdbc:postgresql:///<DB_NAME>?cloudSqlInstance=<INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME>& // socketFactory=com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory&user=<DB_USER>&password=<DB_PASS>// See the link below for more info on building a JDBC URL for the Cloud SQL JDBC Socket Factory// https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory#creating-the-jdbc-url// Configure which instance and what database user to connect with.config.setJdbcUrl(String.format("jdbc:postgresql:///%s",DB_NAME));config.setUsername(DB_USER);// e.g. "root", _postgres"config.setPassword(DB_PASS);// e.g. "my-password"config.addDataSourceProperty("socketFactory","com.google.cloud.sql.postgres.SocketFactory");config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlInstance",INSTANCE_CONNECTION_NAME);// Unix sockets are not natively supported in Java, so it is necessary to use the Cloud SQL// Java Connector to connect. When setting INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET, the connector will // call an external package that will enable Unix socket connections.// Note: For Java users, the Cloud SQL Java Connector can provide authenticated connections// which is usually preferable to using the Cloud SQL Proxy with Unix sockets.// See https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/cloud-sql-jdbc-socket-factory for details.if(INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET!=null){config.addDataSourceProperty("unixSocketPath",INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET);}// cloudSqlRefreshStrategy set to "lazy" is used to perform a// refresh when needed, rather than on a scheduled interval.// This is recommended for serverless environments to// avoid background refreshes from throttling CPU.config.addDataSourceProperty("cloudSqlRefreshStrategy","lazy");// ... Specify additional connection properties here.// ...// Initialize the connection pool using the configuration object.returnnewHikariDataSource(config);}}

constKnex=require('knex');// createUnixSocketPool initializes a Unix socket connection pool for// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.constcreateUnixSocketPool=asyncconfig=>{// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.returnKnex({client:'pg',connection:{user:process.env.DB_USER,// e.g. 'my-user'password:process.env.DB_PASS,// e.g. 'my-user-password'database:process.env.DB_NAME,// e.g. 'my-database'host:process.env.INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET,// e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'},// ... Specify additional properties here....config,});};

usingNpgsql;usingSystem;namespaceCloudSql{publicclassPostgreSqlUnix{publicstaticNpgsqlConnectionStringBuilderNewPostgreSqlUnixSocketConnectionString(){// Equivalent connection string:// "Server=<INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET>;Uid=<DB_USER>;Pwd=<DB_PASS>;Database=<DB_NAME>"varconnectionString=newNpgsqlConnectionStringBuilder(){// The Cloud SQL proxy provides encryption between the proxy and instance.SslMode=SslMode.Disable,// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.Host=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"),// e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'Username=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_USER"),// e.g. 'my-db-userPassword=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_PASS"),// e.g. 'my-db-password'Database=Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("DB_NAME"),// e.g. 'my-database'};connectionString.Pooling=true;// Specify additional properties here.returnconnectionString;}}}

packagecloudsqlimport("database/sql""fmt""log""os"// Note: If connecting using the App Engine Flex Go runtime, use// "github.com/jackc/pgx/stdlib" instead, since v5 requires// Go modules which are not supported by App Engine Flex._"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib")// connectUnixSocket initializes a Unix socket connection pool for// a Cloud SQL instance of Postgres.funcconnectUnixSocket()(*sql.DB,error){mustGetenv:=func(kstring)string{v:=os.Getenv(k)ifv==""{log.Fatalf("Fatal Error in connect_unix.go: %s environment variable not set.\n",k)}returnv}// Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not// secure - consider a more secure solution such as// Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help// keep secrets safe.var(dbUser=mustGetenv("DB_USER")// e.g. 'my-db-user'dbPwd=mustGetenv("DB_PASS")// e.g. 'my-db-password'unixSocketPath=mustGetenv("INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET")// e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance'dbName=mustGetenv("DB_NAME")// e.g. 'my-database')dbURI:=fmt.Sprintf("user=%s password=%s database=%s host=%s",dbUser,dbPwd,dbName,unixSocketPath)// dbPool is the pool of database connections.dbPool,err:=sql.Open("pgx",dbURI)iferr!=nil{returnnil,fmt.Errorf("sql.Open: %w",err)}// ...returndbPool,nil}

unix:&unixadapter:postgresql# Configure additional properties here.# Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not# secure - consider a more secure solution such as# Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help# keep secrets safe.username:<%= ENV["DB_USER"] %> # e.g. "my-database-user" password: <%=ENV["DB_PASS"]%># e.g. "my-database-password"database:<%= ENV.fetch("DB_NAME") { "vote_development" } %>  # Specify the Unix socket path as host host: "<%=ENV["INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET"]%>"

namespace Google\Cloud\Samples\CloudSQL\Postgres;use PDO;use PDOException;use RuntimeException;use TypeError;class DatabaseUnix{ public static function initUnixDatabaseConnection(): PDO { try { // Note: Saving credentials in environment variables is convenient, but not // secure - consider a more secure solution such as // Cloud Secret Manager (https://cloud.google.com/secret-manager) to help // keep secrets safe. $username = getenv('DB_USER'); // e.g. 'your_db_user' $password = getenv('DB_PASS'); // e.g. 'your_db_password' $dbName = getenv('DB_NAME'); // e.g. 'your_db_name' $instanceUnixSocket = getenv('INSTANCE_UNIX_SOCKET'); // e.g. '/cloudsql/project:region:instance' // Connect using UNIX sockets $dsn = sprintf( 'pgsql:dbname=%s;host=%s', $dbName, $instanceUnixSocket ); // Connect to the database. $conn = new PDO( $dsn, $username, $password, # ... ); } catch (TypeError $e) { throw new RuntimeException( sprintf( 'Invalid or missing configuration! Make sure you have set ' . '$username, $password, $dbName, ' . 'and $instanceUnixSocket (for UNIX socket mode). ' . 'The PHP error was %s', $e->getMessage() ), (int) $e->getCode(), $e ); } catch (PDOException $e) { throw new RuntimeException( sprintf( 'Could not connect to the Cloud SQL Database. Check that ' . 'your username and password are correct, that the Cloud SQL ' . 'proxy is running, and that the database exists and is ready ' . 'for use. For more assistance, refer to %s. The PDO error was %s', 'https://cloud.google.com/sql/docs/postgres/connect-external-app', $e->getMessage() ), (int) $e->getCode(), $e ); } return $conn; }}