This document discusses how Google Cloud Hyperdisk performance works so that you can understand your Hyperdisk volumes' performance and select the right Hyperdisk type for your workload.
Hyperdisk is Google Cloud's recommended durable block storage option. To learn more about Hyperdisk, see About Hyperdisk.
For detailed performance limits, see Hyperdisk performance limits.
To review the current or past performance of a Hyperdisk volume, see Review disk performance metrics.
Terminology and units
Hyperdisk performance, as discussed in this document, refers to IOPS and throughput.
- IOPS stands for input/output operations per second. This is the number of individual reads and writes the volume performs or can perform within a second.
- Throughput refers to how many bytes can be read from or written to a volume in a second. Throughput is measured in MiB/s.
Size measurements are in GiB or TiB.
Machine type terminology
The term compute instance refers to a virtual machine (VM) instance or bare metal instance. A compute instance's machine type is the specific combination of its properties, like its machine series and number of vCPUs.
In this document, machine types are denoted in this format: M-*-N, where:
Mis the machine series, for example,C3*represents all memory and CPU configurations, for example,standardorhighcpuNis the number of vCPUs, CPUs, or the GPU designation, for example, 22 for an instance with 22 vCPUs, or8gfor an instance with 8 GPUs
For example, c3-*-192 refers to all C3 VMs and bare metal instances with 192 vCPUs or CPUs, respectively, and also includes lssd machine types. For more information, see Compute Engine terminology.
Summary of Hyperdisk performance
When you attach Hyperdisk volumes to an instance, the maximum achievable performance depends on the scenario, as outlined in the following table.
| Number of Hyperdisk volumes | Maximum performance |
|---|---|
| 1 | The volume's performance is the lesser of:
|
| 2 or more of the same Hyperdisk type | The total performance for all the volumes is the lesser of:
|
| 2 or more Hyperdisk types | The total performance for all the volumes is the lesser of:
|
For limits by Hyperdisk type, see Performance limits by Hyperdisk type.
For limits by machine type, see Performance limits by machine type.
About provisioned performance for Hyperdisk
You can specify a target performance level for a Hyperdisk volume. The IOPS or throughput value you specify, or provision, is referred to as the provisioned performance.
You can provision a volume's performance when you create the volume. You can also increase or decrease the performance while the volume is in use without having to increase the volume's size.
The provisioned performance isn't a guaranteed level of performance. Rather, it's the target performance level that you expect the volume to need during peak usage times. Actual performance depends on the limits of the instance that uses the volume and several other factors.
Default performance levels
Provisioning a performance level for a Hyperdisk volume is optional. If you don't specify a value, for example, because you're not sure how much IOPS or throughput your workload needs, Compute Engine creates the volume with default values. You can increase or decrease the value later. Default values vary by Hyperdisk type and are listed in the Default IOPS and throughput values section for Hyperdisk Balanced, Hyperdisk Balanced High Availability, Hyperdisk Extreme, Hyperdisk Throughput, or Hyperdisk ML.
Limits for provisioned performance
The maximum performance you can provision depends on the Hyperdisk type and the size of the volume.
Limit for the Hyperdisk type
Each Hyperdisk type has a maximum level of performance that you can provision. Some Hyperdisk types let you provision IOPS, throughput, or both. If you can't provision throughput, the throughput for the volume depends on the provisioned IOPS. Likewise, if you can't provision IOPS, the IOPS for the volume depends on the throughput you provision.
For example, you can provision throughput for Hyperdisk ML volumes, but not IOPS. The IOPS-to-throughput rate for Hyperdisk ML is 16 IOPS per MiB/s of provisioned throughput. So if you create a Hyperdisk ML volume with 100,000 MiB/s of throughput, then the volume is provisioned with 1,600,000 IOPS.
Size based limits
The maximum performance you can provision changes with the volume's size. For example, for a 10 TiB Hyperdisk Balanced volume, you can provision 3,000 to 160,000 IOPS, but for a 50 GiB volume, you can provision 3,000 to 25,000 IOPS.
For details about the size-based limits for each Hyperdisk type, see the Size and performance limits section on the Hyperdisk Balanced, Hyperdisk Balanced High Availability, Hyperdisk Extreme, Hyperdisk Throughput, and Hyperdisk ML pages.
The following table lists the maximum performance you can provision for each Hyperdisk type.
| Hyperdisk type | Max provisionable performance per volume | Customizable throughput | Customizable IOPS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyperdisk Balanced | 160,000 IOPS 2,400 MiB/s | Yes | Yes |
| Hyperdisk Balanced High Availability | 100,000 IOPS 2,400 MiB/s | Yes | Yes |
| Hyperdisk Extreme | 350,000 IOPS | No; 250 MiB/s per 1000 IOPS, up to 5,000 MiB/s | Yes |
| Hyperdisk ML | 1,200,000 MiB/s | Yes | No; 16 IOPS per MiB/s of throughput, up to 19,200,000 IOPS |
| Hyperdisk Throughput | 600 MiB/s | Yes | No; 4 IOPS per MiB/s of throughput, up to 2,400 IOPS. |
Steady state performance
For workloads that are sensitive to performance variability, consider using a machine series that offers steady state performance. The steady state performance limit is the performance level an instance can sustain across all attached volumes. By comparison, the maximum performance level is the highest performance level that an instance can achieve.
Steady state performance limits don't constitute a service level agreement (SLA).
For a Hyperdisk volume to achieve a specific steady state performance limit, its provisioned performance must be equal to or greater than the steady state limit.
The steady state performance limit is shared across all the disks attached to the instance.
Machine series that offer steady state performance
The following machine series offer steady state performance:
Configure a workload to meet provisioned performance
A Hyperdisk volume's actual performance—the observed performance when attached to an instance—can't exceed the following limits:
- The volume's provisioned performance
- The instance-specific performance limits, including specific limits for the Hyperdisk type
Therefore, to make sure your volume can reach its provisioned performance, consider the following factors:
Choose a machine type that supports the volume's provisioned performance for the Hyperdisk type. Review the guidance in Instance specific performance limits for each Hyperdisk type.
If you want to use different Hyperdisk types with the instance, review the information in Maximum performance limits for the machine type.
Factors like I/O size and application design, while not performance limits, also affect performance. For more information on these factors, see Workload specific factors that affect performance.
How instance performance limits affect Hyperdisk performance
Each compute instance has the following performance limits, based on its machine type:
- A performance limit for the Hyperdisk type
- An overall performance limit for the instance
Each limit applies in specific situations.
Instance performance limits for each Hyperdisk type
Each instance has a performance limit for all Hyperdisk volumes of a given type that you attach to the instance.
When this limit applies: When you attach 1 or more Hyperdisk volumes of the same type to an instance. For each volume to reach its proivisioned performance, the instance performance limit must be greater than the sum of all the volumes' provisioned performance for. Otherwise, the volumes' performance can't exceed the instance's performance limit.
Example
Suppose you have a Hyperdisk Throughput volume, hdt-disk-1, that has 600 MiB/s of provisioned throughput and you want to attach it to a c3-*-4 instance.
c3-*-4 instances have the following throughput limits:
| Hyperdisk type | Max throughput (MiB/s) |
|---|---|
| Hyperdisk Balanced | 400 |
| Hyperdisk Extreme | Not supported |
| Hyperdisk Throughput | 240 |
| Hyperdisk Balanced High Availability | 400 |
| Hyperdisk ML | 400 |
If you attach hdt-disk-1 to the VM, the volume's actual performance can't exceed 240 MiB/s. If you attach a Hyperdisk Balanced volume instead, the Hyperdisk Balanced volume's performance can't exceed 400 MiB/s.
If you attach 2 Hyperdisk Balanced volumes to the VM, the combined performance of both Hyperdisk Balanced volumes still can't exceed 400 MiB/s. This is true regardless of the provisioned performance of both volumes.
The performance limits for each Hyperdisk by machine type are listed in Performance limits by Hyperdisk type.
Overall performance limit for an instance
Each instance has an overall performance limit that it can reach. This limit is shared among all volumes attached to the instance.
When this limit applies: When you attach more than one type of Hyperdisk to an instance. The combined actual performance of all the volumes can't exceed the performance limit for the instance, regardless of the provisioned performance of each volume.
If the instance supports Persistent Disk, all attached Persistent Disk volumes also share the same limit.
Example
Suppose you have a c3-*-22 instance, which has a max throughput of 1,800 MiB/s.
You attach the following resources to the VM:
- 2 Hyperdisk Balanced volumes, each with 900 MiB/s provisioned throughput.
- 1 Hyperdisk Throughput volume with 500 MiB/s provisioned throughput
The combined performance across all the volumes can't exceed 1,800 MiB/s.
For a list of the limits, see Performance limits by machine type.
Workload-specific factors that affect performance
This section discusses workload-specific factors that affect the throughput and IOPS limits that your Hyperdisk volumes can achieve. For more information about how to improve performance, see Optimize Hyperdisk performance.
To reach the maximum IOPS and throughput levels offered by Hyperdisk volumes, you must consider the following workload parameters:
- I/O size: You must use specific block sizes to reach the IOPS and throughput limits, as follows:
- Maximum IOPS limits require an I/O size size of 4 KB.
- Maximum throughput limits require a I/O size of at least 256 KB.
- Queue length: Queue length is the number of pending requests for a volume. To reach maximum performance limits, you must adjust your queue length according to the I/O size, IOPS, and latency sensitivity of your workload. Optimal queue length varies for each workload, but typically should be larger than 256.
- Number of attached volumes: For best performance results, we recommend attaching 8 or fewer volumes to a VM.
What's next
- View performance limits for Hyperdisk types
- View performance limits for all machine types
- Learn how to optimize the performance of your Hyperdisk volumes
