> One guess is that it is a matter of a known risk in the present vs. a theoretical/statistical threat in the future.
Maybe, but I think something different is at play. There is a legal risk of not doing imaging, in case something might be present that is not quite clear through the symptoms. Doing a CT scan mitigates that legal risk, because "everything has been done". There seems to be little legal risk in doing a CT scan, even if it has a significant chance of causing cancer (probably because the risk is diffuse, and the causality hard to prove, as you said).
> but it was prescribed because the risks are balanced by the benefits.
I very much doubt that, at least if you talk about medical risk. For the legal risk, yes, that seems to be the main reason.
And your argument assumes that people act rationally. Have you looked around recently? Where do you get that faith in humanity?:-)