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Energy density Extended Reference Table

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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main Energy density page:

Energy densities table
Storage type Specific energy (MJ/kg) Energy density (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary Antimatter89,875,517,874depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion576,000,000[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope144,000,000[1]1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in fast breeder reactor86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in light-water reactor3,456,00035%
Pu-238 α-decay2,200,000
Hf-178m2isomer1,326,00017,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in light-water reactor443,00035%
Ta-180m isomer41,340689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)216[2]
Specific orbital energy of Low Earth orbit (approximate)33.0
Beryllium + Oxygen23.9[3]
Lithium + Fluorine23.75[citation needed]
Octaazacubane potential explosive22.9[4]
Hydrogen + Oxygen13.4[5]
Gasoline + Oxygen –> Derived from Gasoline13.3[citation needed]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[citation needed]9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive8.5[6]16.9[7]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[citation needed]8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed]8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[citation needed]7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive7[8]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[citation needed]6.95
Ammonal (Al+NH4NO3oxidizer)[citation needed]6.912.7
Tetranitromethane + hydrazine bipropellant - computed[citation needed]6.6
Nitroglycerin6.38[9]10.2[10]
ANFO-ANNM[citation needed]6.26
battery, Lithium–air6.12
Octogen (HMX)5.7[9]10.8[11]
TNT[12]4.6106.92
Copper Thermite (Al + CuO as oxidizer)[citation needed]4.1320.9
Thermite (powder Al + Fe2O3 as oxidizer)4.0018.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as monopropellant)2.73.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire2.542995%[clarification needed][13]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)[14]2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[citation needed][clarification needed]1.9680.708
Kinetic energy penetrator[clarification needed]1.930
battery, Lithium–Sulfur[15]1.80[16]1.26
battery, Fluoride-ion[citation needed]1.72.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell[17]1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant)1.61.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant)1.42.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt1[citation needed]98%[18]
Molecular spring approximate[citation needed]1
battery, Lithium–Manganese[19][20]0.83-1.011.98-2.09
battery, Sodium–Sulfur0.72[21]1.23[citation needed]85%[22]
battery, Lithium-ion[23][24]0.46-0.720.83-3.6[25]95%[26]
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride, High Temperature0.56
battery, Zinc–manganese (alkaline), long life design[19][23]0.4-0.591.15-1.43
battery, Silver-oxide[19]0.471.8
Flywheel0.36-0.5[27][28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet muzzle energy density[clarification needed]0.43.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), low power design as used in consumer batteries[29]0.41.55
Liquid Nitrogen0.349
Water – Enthalpy of Fusion0.3340.334
battery, Zinc–Bromine flow (ZnBr)[30]0.27
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), High-Power design as used in cars[31]0.2500.493
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)[23]0.141.0880%[26]
battery, Zinc–Carbon[23]0.130.331
battery, Lead–acid[23]0.140.36
battery, Vanadium redox0.09[citation needed]0.11887070-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox0.180.25280%–90%[32]
CapacitorUltracapacitor0.0199[33]0.050[citation needed]
CapacitorSupercapacitor0.01[citation needed]80%–98.5%[34]39%–70%[34]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage00.008[35]>95%
Capacitor0.002[36]
Neodymium magnet0.003[37]
Ferrite magnet0.0003[37]
Spring power (clock spring), torsion spring0.0003[38]0.0006
Storage type Energy density by mass (MJ/kg) Energy density by volume (MJ/L) Peak recovery efficiency % Practical recovery efficiency %

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ abPrelas, Mark (2015). Nuclear-Pumped Lasers. Springer. p. 135. ISBN 9783319198453.
  2. ^http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  3. ^Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 75 (13): 3102–3103. doi:10.1021/ja01109a018.
  4. ^Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?†". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (24): 7124–7133. doi:10.1021/ic9606237. PMID 11666896.
  5. ^Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021). "Introduction to Rocket Propulsion"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  6. ^Wiley Interscience
  7. ^Octanitrocubane
  8. ^Wiley Interscience
  9. ^ ab"Chemical Explosives". Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  10. ^Nitroglycerin
  11. ^HMX
  12. ^Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985). Explosive shocks in air. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-15147-0.
  13. ^"Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery". News-service.stanford.edu. 2007-12-18. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  14. ^"Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries". Nexergy. Archived from the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  15. ^"Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet"(PDF). Sion Power, Inc. 2005-09-28. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2008-08-28.
  16. ^Kolosnitsyn, V.S.; E.V. Karaseva (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry. 44 (5): 506–509. doi:10.1134/s1023193508050029. S2CID 97022927.
  17. ^"The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell". Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  18. ^"Technology". SolarReserve. Archived from the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  19. ^ abc"ProCell Lithium battery chemistry". Duracell. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  20. ^"Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries". corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  21. ^"New battery could change world, one house at a time". Heraldextra.com. 2009-04-04. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  22. ^Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185". Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States). 2. Osti.gov. OSTI 5960185.
  23. ^ abcde"Battery energy storage in various battery types". AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
  24. ^A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg "Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4". Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  25. ^"Lithium Batteries". Archived from the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02.
  26. ^ abJustin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13). "The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles"(PDF). p. 7. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26. Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries
  27. ^"Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  28. ^"Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21.
  29. ^"Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  30. ^"ZBB Energy Corp". Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
  31. ^High Energy Metal Hydride BatteryArchived 2009-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^"Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  33. ^"Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000". Maxwell.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
  34. ^ ab"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  35. ^[1]Archived February 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  36. ^"Department of Computing". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
  37. ^ ab"Archived copy"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. ^"Garage Door Springs". Garagedoor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
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