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<!DOCTYPE html>
<htmllang="en">
<head>
<metacharset="utf-8">
<metahttp-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<metaname="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>SmallBASIC | guide</title>
<metaname="description" content="SmallBASIC | One more basic">
<linkrel="canonical" href="/guide.html">
<linkrel="keywords" href="guide">
<linkrel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css">
<linkrel="icon" type="image/png" href="/images/sb-desktop-32x32.png">
<scriptsrc="/clipboard.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<buttononclick="topFunction()" id="BackToTopBtn" title="Go to top">⯅</button>
<scriptsrc="/backtotop.js"></script>
<divclass="wrapAll clearfix">
<navclass="navigation">
<divclass="logo">
<ahref="/"><imgsrc='/images/sb-logo.png?v=2' alt="logo"></a>
</div>
<divclass="navlinks">
<ahref="/pages/download.html">Download</a>
<ahref="/pages/news.html">News</a>
<ahref="/pages/community.html">Community</a>
<ahref="/pages/articles.html">Resources</a>
<ahref="/pages/reference.html">Language Reference</a>
<aclass='active' href="/pages/guide.html">SmallBASIC Manual</a>
</div>
</nav>
<divclass="mainsection">
<divclass="tabs clearfix">
<divclass="tabsRight">
<atarget="_github" href="https://github.com/smallbasic/smallbasic.github.io/blob/master/_build/pages/guide.markdown">Edit</a>
<atarget="_github" href="https://github.com/smallbasic/smallbasic.github.io/commits/master/_build/pages/guide.markdown">History</a>
</div>
</div>
<divclass="article">
<h1id="smallbasic-user-guide">SmallBASIC User Guide</h1>
<blockquote>
<p>SmallBASIC is a fast and easy to learn BASIC language interpreter
ideal for everyday calculations, scripts and prototypes. SmallBASIC
includes trigonometric, matrices and algebra functions, a built in IDE,
a powerful string library, system, sound, and graphic commands along
with structured programming syntax.</p>
</blockquote>
<divclass="articleRight">
<divclass="articleRightInner">
<p>Contents</p>
</div>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#GettingStarted">Getting Started</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#SmallbasicVersions">SmallBASIC Versions</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Windows">Windows</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Linux">Linux</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Android">Android</a></li>
<li><ahref="#BuildFromSource">Build from Source</a></li>
<li><ahref="#UsingtheIntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment">Using the
IDE</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#SourceCodeFormat">Source Code Format</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Comments">Comments</a></li>
<li><ahref="#NumberAndStrings">Numbers and Srings</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#Integers">Integers</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Reals">Reals</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Strings">String Literals</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#ConstantsVariables">Variables and Constants</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#Variable">Variable names</a></li>
<li><ahref="#AssigningValuesToVariables">Assigning Values to
Variables</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Constants">Constants</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Arrays%7D">Arrays</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#CreatingArrays">Creating Arrays</a></li>
<li><ahref="#AccessingElementsOfAnArray">Accessing Elements of an
Array</a></li>
<li><ahref="#NestedArrays">Nested Arrays</a></li>
<li><ahref="#ArrayOperations">Array Operations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Matrices">Matrices</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#Creating2DMatrices">Creating 2D Matrices</a></li>
<li><ahref="#AccessingElementsOfA2DMatrix">Accessing Elements of a 2D
Matrix</a></li>
<li><ahref="#MatrixOperations">2D Matrix Operations</a></li>
<li><ahref="#HigherDimensionalMatrices">Higher Dimensional
Matrices</a></li>
<li><ahref="#RowAndColumnVectors">Row and Column Vectors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Maps">Maps</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#CreatingAMapVariable">Creating a Map Variable</a></li>
<li><ahref="#AccessingElementsOfAMapVariable">Accessing Elements of a
Map Variable</a></li>
<li><ahref="#AddKeyValuePairs">Add Key-Value Pairs</a></li>
<li><ahref="#KeyValuePairsWithReferences">Key-Value Pairs with
References</a></li>
<li><ahref="#MapsAsPseudoObjectForOOP">Maps as Pseudo Objects for
OOP</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Operators">Operators</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#pseudo">Pseudo-operators</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Expressions">Expressions</a></li>
<li><ahref="#SubroutinesAndFunctions">Subroutines and Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#SubroutinesAndFunctionsNames">Names</a></li>
<li><ahref="#DeclarationOfSubroutines">Declaration of
Subroutines</a></li>
<li><ahref="#DeclarationOfFunctions">Declaration of Functions</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Parameters">Parameters</a></li>
<li><ahref="#ExitAFunctionOrSubroutine">Exit a function or
subroutine</a></li>
<li><ahref="#SingleLineFunctions">Single-line Functions</a></li>
<li><ahref="#UsingLocalVariables">Using Local Variables</a></li>
<li><ahref="#NestedRoutines">Nested Routines</a></li>
<li><ahref="#DeclarationsInPalmOS">Declarations in PalmOS</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Conditions">Conditions</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#IfThenElseifEndif">IF-THEN-ELSIF-ELSE</a></li>
<li><ahref="#SingleLineIfThenElse">Single-line IF-THEN-ELSE</a></li>
<li><ahref="#InlineVersionOfIf">Inline Version of IF</a></li>
<li><ahref="#SelectCase">SELECT CASE</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Loops">Loops</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#ForToNextLoop">FOR-TO-NEXT Loop</a></li>
<li><ahref="#ForInNextLoop">FOR-IN-NEXT Loop</a></li>
<li><ahref="#WhileWendLoop">WHILE-WEND Loop</a></li>
<li><ahref="#RepeatUntilLoop">REPEAT-UNTIL Loop</a></li>
<li><ahref="#TheDoKeyword">The DO Keyword</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Units">Units</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#UnitsDeclaration">Declaration</a></li>
<li><ahref="#UnitsImport">Import</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#InputAndOutput">Input and Output</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#PrintOnScreen">Print on Screen</a></li>
<li><ahref="#ReadInputFromKeyboard">Read Input from the
Keyboard</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#TheUseKeyword">The USE Keyword</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Statement1">OPTION</a>
<ul>
<li><ahref="#Statement2">OPTION BASE</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Statement3">OPTION MATCH</a></li>
<li><ahref="#Statement4">OPTION PREDEF</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><ahref="#Meta">Meta Commands</a></li>
<li><ahref="#ExceptionHandling">Exception Handling</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2id="GettingStarted">Getting Started</h2>
<p>SmallBASIC is available for various operating systems, including
Windows, Linux, and Android. It can be built from source to run on many
other POSIX-compliant systems, such as Raspberry Pi OS. With its
built-in Integrated Development Environment (IDE), you can write
programs on your Android-powered tablet or mobile phone and run them
instantly.</p>
<h3id="SmallbasicVersions">SmallBASIC Versions</h3>
<p>SmallBASIC comes in three different flavors for the desktop. The SDL
version offers a simple but efficient IDE and is perfect for working
with graphics. The FLTK version has a great IDE. The console version
doesn’t offer an IDE and is text-only but works perfect with plugins
like raylib or nuklear. The Android version is similar to the SDL
version and comes with an integrated IDE, too.</p>
<h3id="Windows">Windows</h3>
<p>Download the <ahref="/pages/download.html">latest release of
SmallBASIC</a>. The different versions of SmallBASIC are included in the
zip-file. Extract the zip-file to a location of your choice. Open the
SmallBASIC folder and start one of the following programs:</p>
<ul>
<li>sbasicg.exe: SDL</li>
<li>sbasici.exe: FLTK</li>
<li>sbasic.exe: Console</li>
</ul>
<h3id="Linux">Linux</h3>
<p>Download the <ahref="pages/download.html">latest release of
SmallBASIC</a>. The different versions of SmallBASIC are provided as
separate AppImages. Download an AppImage and copy it to a directory of
your choice. Execute the AppImage. Depending of the Linux version you
have to make the AppImage executable:
<code>chmod u+x AppImageFile</code>, where <code>AppImageFile</code> is
the filename of the AppImage.</p>
<h3id="Android">Android</h3>
<p>Download and install SmallBASIC for Android using <a
href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.sourceforge.smallbasic">Google
Play</a>. Files are stored in <code>/InternalMemory/SmallBASIC</code> or
in case of an old Android version in
<code>/InternalMemory/Android/data/net.sourceforge.smallbasic/files</code>.
For easy file transfer between Android and desktop, please read <a
href="/pages/android_file_transfer.html">SmallBASIC file
transfer</a></p>
<h3id="BuildFromSource">Build from Source</h3>
<p>Using Linux it is quite easy to build SmallBASIC from source. This
has the advantage, that you don’t need to use AppImages and you can use
SmallBASIC on other devices like Raspberry Pi. Please follow the
instructions on <a
href="https://github.com/smallbasic/SmallBASIC">Github</a>.</p>
<h3id="UsingtheIntegratedDevelopmentEnvironment">Using the Integrated
Development Environment</h3>
<p>Please read the separate articles for the different versions of
SmallBASIC:</p>
<ul>
<li><ahref="/pages/sdl.html">SDL</a></li>
<li><ahref="/pages/android.html">Android</a></li>
<li><ahref="/pages/fltk.html">FLTK</a></li>
</ul>
<h2id="SourceCodeFormat">Source Code Format</h2>
<p>SmallBASIC files are plain text files in ASCII or UTF-8. A program
consists of at least one line of text. Every line is terminated with a
<code>CR</code> or <code>CR/LF</code>. Each line consist of one or more
commands. Multiple commands in a line are separated by a colon
<code>:</code>. If <code>&</code> is the last character of a line,
SmallBASIC will continue with the command in the next line.</p>
<p>Spaces and tabs are ignored as long as the syntax is valid. Inside a
string literal spaces and tabs are retained.</p>
<p>A line can start with a line number. Line numbers can be in any
order. Multiple lines can have the same line number. Commands like
<code>GOTO</code> will go to the last line with the specified line
number.</p>
<h2id="Comments">Comments</h2>
<p>A comment is a piece of code which is ignored by SmallBASIC but gives
the programmer helpful information about the source code. Comments can
be created by placing text after a quotation mark <code>'</code> or
after the command <code>REM</code>. Comments can be placed anywhere in
the code but not inside a string. Starting with <code>'</code> or
<code>REM</code> the rest of the line will be a comment.</p>
<p>When using <code>REM</code> be aware that <code>REM</code> is a build
in command and multiple commands need to be separated with a colon
<code>:</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb1-1"><ahref="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' This is a comment</span></span>
<spanid="cb1-2"><ahref="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">REM This is a comment</span></span>
<spanid="cb1-3"><ahref="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb1-4"><ahref="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a = <spanclass="dv">1</span><spanclass="co">' This is a comment</span></span>
<spanid="cb1-5"><ahref="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a = <spanclass="dv">1</span> : <spanclass="co">REM This is a comment</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2id="NumberAndStrings">Numbers and Strings</h2>
<h3id="Integers">Integers</h3>
<p>Integers are used to store numeric values without any fractional
part. Integer is the default data type. You can declare integers in
decimal, hexadecimal, octal and binary form. For hexadecimal the number
starts with <code>0x</code> or <code>&x</code>, for octal with
<code>0o</code> or <code>&o</code>, and for binary with
<code>0b</code> or <code>&b</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb2-1"><ahref="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">256</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-2"><ahref="#cb2-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">0x100</span><spanclass="co">' Hexadecimal form 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-3"><ahref="#cb2-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">&h100</span><spanclass="co">' Hexadecimal form 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-4"><ahref="#cb2-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">0o400</span><spanclass="co">' Octal form 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-5"><ahref="#cb2-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">&o400</span><spanclass="co">' Octal form 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-6"><ahref="#cb2-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">0b111</span><spanclass="co">' Binary form 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb2-7"><ahref="#cb2-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">&b111</span><spanclass="co">' Binary form 2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="Reals">Reals</h3>
<p>Floating point values are used to store numeric data which may have a
fractional part. Any number which out-bounds the limits or an integer or
has decimal digits will be converted automatically to real. Reals can be
written in scientific notation.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb3-1"><ahref="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">1.2</span></span>
<spanid="cb3-2"><ahref="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">.25</span></span>
<spanid="cb3-3"><ahref="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">1E2</span></span>
<spanid="cb3-4"><ahref="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">1.2E-2</span></span>
<spanid="cb3-5"><ahref="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dv">2.6E-0.25</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="Strings">String Literals</h3>
<p>Strings are used to store sequences of characters. The characters of
a string are enclosed with <code>"</code>. If a string spans more than
one line, enclose the string with <code>"""</code>. The end of each line
will be a line break in the string. Strings may be appended to one
another using the <code>+</code> operator.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb4-1"><ahref="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="st">"This is a string"</span></span>
<spanid="cb4-2"><ahref="#cb4-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="st">"Hello, "</span> + <spanclass="st">"world!"</span></span>
<spanid="cb4-3"><ahref="#cb4-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="st">"""This is</span></span>
<spanid="cb4-4"><ahref="#cb4-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <spanclass="fu">string</span></span>
<spanid="cb4-5"><ahref="#cb4-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>over several lines</span>
<spanid="cb4-6"><ahref="#cb4-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>with <spanclass="fu">line</span> breaks<spanclass="st">"""</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Strings can contain escape sequences. Escape sequences always start
with the <code>\</code> character. The following escape sequences are
supported:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<colstyle="width: 13%" />
<colstyle="width: 86%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<trclass="header">
<th>Code</th>
<th>Action</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\a</code></td>
<td>beep</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\t</code></td>
<td>tab (20 px)</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\r</code></td>
<td>return</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\n</code></td>
<td>next line</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\"</code></td>
<td>quote <code>"</code></td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\\</code></td>
<td>Backslash <code>\</code></td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[K</code></td>
<td>clear to end of line</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[nG</code></td>
<td>move to column <code>n</code></td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[s</code></td>
<td>save cursor position</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[u</code></td>
<td>restore cursor position</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[0m</code></td>
<td>reset all attributes to their defaults</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[1m</code></td>
<td>set bold on</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[3m</code></td>
<td>set italic on</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[4m</code></td>
<td>set underline on</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[7m</code></td>
<td>reverse video</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[21m</code></td>
<td>set bold off</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[23m</code></td>
<td>set italic off</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[24m</code></td>
<td>set underline off</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<td><code>\e[27m</code></td>
<td>set reverse off</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<td><code>\e[nm</code></td>
<td><code>n</code>: foreground color 30 to 37, <code>m</code>:
background color 40 to 47</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Example:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb5-1"><ahref="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span><spanclass="st">"String with line\nbreak"</span></span>
<spanid="cb5-2"><ahref="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span><spanclass="st">"\e[32m\e[47mGreen text on white background"</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>In the console version of SmallBASIC (sbasic.exe or sbasic) most of
the escape codes, for example <a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code">ANSI Codes at
wikipedia</a>, can be used in version 12.25 or later. Support of escape
codes depends on the operating system and the terminal you are
using.</p>
<h2id="ConstantsVariables">Variables and Constants</h2>
<p>SmallBASIC uses, internally, 4 data-types:</p>
<ul>
<li>Integer (64bit)</li>
<li>Real (64bit)</li>
<li>String (> 2GB)</li>
<li>Array (> 50M elements)</li>
</ul>
<p>However, all user variables (include arrays) are ‘Variant’. That
means the data-type is invisible to users and might change during
runtime. Arrays are always dynamic (size and number of elements), even
if you had declared their size. Conversions between those types are
performed internally. In any case there are functions for the user to do
it manually.</p>
<h3id="Variable">Variable Names</h3>
<p>Variable names can use any alphanumeric characters, extended
characters (ASCII codes 128 - 255 for non-English languages), the symbol
<code>_</code>, and the symbol <code>$</code>. The first character of
the name cannot be a digit nor <code>$</code>.</p>
<p>The symbol <code>$</code> is supported for compatibility. The dollar
in variable names will be count as part of the name, that means
<code>v</code> and <code>v$</code> are two different variables. It can
be used only as the last character of the name, and only one is
allowed.</p>
<p>Variable names are case-insensitive.</p>
<pre><code>abc, a_c, _bc, ab2c, abc$ -> valid names
1cd, a$b, $abc -> invalid names</code></pre>
<h3id="AssigningValuesToVariables">Assigning Values to Variables</h3>
<p>Variables do not need to be declared. A variable will be initialized
with <code>0</code> when used for the first time.</p>
<p>Values are assigned to a variable using the <code>=</code> character.
The value at the right of <code>=</code> will be assigned to the
variable on the left side. Additionally the right side of <code>=</code>
can be an expression or a function.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb7-1"><ahref="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a = <spanclass="dv">256</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-2"><ahref="#cb7-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>b = <spanclass="dv">0x100</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-3"><ahref="#cb7-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>c = <spanclass="dv">0o400</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-4"><ahref="#cb7-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>d = <spanclass="dv">0b111</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-5"><ahref="#cb7-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb7-6"><ahref="#cb7-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>e = <spanclass="st">"This is a string"</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-7"><ahref="#cb7-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g = <spanclass="st">"""This is</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-8"><ahref="#cb7-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>a <spanclass="fu">string</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-9"><ahref="#cb7-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>over several lines</span>
<spanid="cb7-10"><ahref="#cb7-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>with <spanclass="fu">line</span> breaks<spanclass="st">"""</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-11"><ahref="#cb7-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb7-12"><ahref="#cb7-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>h = <spanclass="dv">1</span> + <spanclass="dv">1</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-13"><ahref="#cb7-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>i = h</span>
<spanid="cb7-14"><ahref="#cb7-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>j = <spanclass="dv">1</span> + h</span>
<spanid="cb7-15"><ahref="#cb7-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb7-16"><ahref="#cb7-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>k = <spanclass="st">"Hello, "</span> + <spanclass="st">"world"</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-17"><ahref="#cb7-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>l = k + <spanclass="st">"!"</span></span>
<spanid="cb7-18"><ahref="#cb7-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb7-19"><ahref="#cb7-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>m = j > h</span>
<spanid="cb7-20"><ahref="#cb7-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>n = h == j</span>
<spanid="cb7-21"><ahref="#cb7-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb7-22"><ahref="#cb7-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>o = <spanclass="fu">sin</span>(<spanclass="dv">0.5</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>For compatibility reasons, SmallBASIC support the assignment of
values to a variable using the <code>LET</code> command.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb8-1"><ahref="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">let</span> x = <spanclass="dv">20</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="Constants">Constants</h3>
<p>Constants store values that don’t change during the execution of the
program. Constant variables can be declared by using the keyword
<code>CONST</code>. Assigning a value to a constant a second time will
result in an error.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb9-1"><ahref="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">CONST</span> my_pi = <spanclass="dv">3.14</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>SmallBASIC predefines the following constants:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<trclass="header">
<thstyle="text-align: center;">Constant</th>
<thstyle="text-align: center;">Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">PI</td>
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">3.14..</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">TRUE</td>
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">1</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">FALSE</td>
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">0</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">NIL</td>
<tdstyle="text-align: center;">nil (not set)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2id="Arrays">Arrays</h2>
<p>Arrays are used to store sequences of elements. Arrays are always
dynamic. The allowed data-types of the elements can be integers, reals
and strings and maps Data-types can be mixed in an array. Nested arrays
are allowed.</p>
<p>Arrays are a subclass of Matrices (see <a
href="#Matrices">Matrices</a>). They are equivalent to a row vector.</p>
<h3id="CreatingArrays">Creating Arrays</h3>
<p>Arrays can be created by assignment using the <code>=</code>
operator, with the command <code>DIM</code>, or with
<code>[]</code>.</p>
<p><strong>By Assignment</strong></p>
<p>To assign an array to a variable, the array elements are enclosed by
square brackets <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>. The array elements
are separated by a comma <code>,</code>. If no value for a element is
given, SmallBASIC will set this element to <code>0</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb10-1"><ahref="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb10-2"><ahref="#cb10-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [,<spanclass="dv">2</span>,,<spanclass="dv">4</span>] <spanclass="co">' Equal to A = [0,2,0,4]</span></span>
<spanid="cb10-3"><ahref="#cb10-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="st">"A"</span>, <spanclass="dv">2.2</span>] <spanclass="co">' Array with elements of different data-type</span></span>
<spanid="cb10-4"><ahref="#cb10-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="st">"A"</span>, [<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>]] <spanclass="co">' Creates an nested array</span></span>
<spanid="cb10-5"><ahref="#cb10-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>S = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="st">"Small"</span>, <spanclass="st">"BASIC"</span>] <spanclass="co">' Numbers and strings</span></span>
<spanid="cb10-6"><ahref="#cb10-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M = [{x: <spanclass="dv">1</span>, y: <spanclass="dv">2</span>}, {x: <spanclass="dv">4</span>, y: <spanclass="dv">7</span>}] <spanclass="co">' Array of maps</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>By DIM</strong></p>
<p>Using the command <code>DIM A(n)</code> or <code>DIM A[n]</code>, an
array <code>A</code> with <code>n + 1</code> elements will be created.
Every element is set to <code>0</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb11-1"><ahref="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> A(<spanclass="dv">3</span>) <spanclass="co">' Array A with 4 elements</span></span>
<spanid="cb11-2"><ahref="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> A[<spanclass="dv">3</span>]</span></code></pre></div>
<p>When using the command <code>DIM A(lower TO upper)</code> it is also
possible, to set the <code>lower</code> and <code>upper</code> element
index of an array.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb12-1"><ahref="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' One dimensional array of 7 elements, starting from 3</span></span>
<spanid="cb12-2"><ahref="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' with elements A(3), A(4), ... , A(9)</span></span>
<spanid="cb12-3"><ahref="#cb12-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> A(<spanclass="dv">3</span><spanclass="kw">TO</span><spanclass="dv">9</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Empty Array</strong></p>
<p>The following example will create an empty array variable. If the
variable already exist, it will be deleted and reinitialized as an
array.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb13-1"><ahref="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = []</span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="AccessingElementsOfAnArray">Accessing Elements of an Array</h3>
<p>To access an element of an array, the array name is followed by
<code>(i)</code> or <code>[i]</code>, where <code>i</code> is the
element index. In SmallBASIC using default configuration, the first
element of an array has the index <code>0</code>.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb14"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb14-1"><ahref="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb14-2"><ahref="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A(<spanclass="dv">1</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb14-3"><ahref="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A[<spanclass="dv">1</span>] = <spanclass="dv">5</span><spanclass="co">' A = [1,5,3,4]</span></span>
<spanid="cb14-4"><ahref="#cb14-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="dv">0</span>) = A(<spanclass="dv">3</span>) <spanclass="co">' A = [4,5,3,4]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Accessing an element outside the bounds of the array will result in
an error.</p>
<h3id="NestedArrays">Nested Arrays</h3>
<p>In a nested array, one or more elements of this array are arrays.
Nested arrays can be created by assignment with the <code>=</code>
operator. There is no limit to the depth of nesting.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb15"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb15-1"><ahref="#cb15-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>] , [<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>]]</span>
<spanid="cb15-2"><ahref="#cb15-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>] , [<spanclass="dv">3</span>, [<spanclass="dv">4</span>, <spanclass="dv">5</span>]]]</span>
<spanid="cb15-3"><ahref="#cb15-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb15-4"><ahref="#cb15-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="dv">3</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb15-5"><ahref="#cb15-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C = [<spanclass="dv">4</span>, <spanclass="dv">5</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb15-6"><ahref="#cb15-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B(<spanclass="dv">2</span>) = C <spanclass="co">' -> B = [1, 2, [4, 5]]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>To access an element of a nested array, a second (or third, etc) pair
of parenthesis or square brackets can be used.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb16"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb16-1"><ahref="#cb16-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>, [<spanclass="dv">4</span>, <spanclass="dv">5</span>]]</span>
<spanid="cb16-2"><ahref="#cb16-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">PRINT</span> A[<spanclass="dv">2</span>][<spanclass="dv">0</span>] <spanclass="co">' Output: 4</span></span>
<spanid="cb16-3"><ahref="#cb16-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">PRINT</span> A(<spanclass="dv">2</span>)(<spanclass="dv">1</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 5</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="ArrayOperations">Array Operations</h3>
<p>SmallBASIC supports basic array operations using the standard
operators:</p>
<p><strong>Element-wise Addition and Subtraction</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb17"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb17-1"><ahref="#cb17-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="dv">3</span>, <spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb17-2"><ahref="#cb17-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>, <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb17-3"><ahref="#cb17-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb17-4"><ahref="#cb17-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C = B + A</span>
<spanid="cb17-5"><ahref="#cb17-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>D = A - B</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Element-wise Multiplication</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb18"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb18-1"><ahref="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="dv">3</span>, <spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb18-2"><ahref="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>, <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb18-3"><ahref="#cb18-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb18-4"><ahref="#cb18-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C = A * B</span>
<spanid="cb18-5"><ahref="#cb18-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>D = <spanclass="dv">0.8</span> * A</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Equality</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb19"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb19-1"><ahref="#cb19-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="dv">3</span>, <spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb19-2"><ahref="#cb19-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>, <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb19-3"><ahref="#cb19-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb19-4"><ahref="#cb19-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>e = A==B</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Unary</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb20"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb20-1"><ahref="#cb20-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>; <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb20-2"><ahref="#cb20-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb20-3"><ahref="#cb20-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = -A</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Append Elements</strong></p>
<p>The pseudo-operator <code><<</code> can be used to append
elements to an array.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb21"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb21-1"><ahref="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A << <spanclass="dv">1</span></span>
<spanid="cb21-2"><ahref="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A << <spanclass="dv">2</span></span>
<spanid="cb21-3"><ahref="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A << <spanclass="dv">3</span></span>
<spanid="cb21-4"><ahref="#cb21-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">PRINT</span> A(<spanclass="dv">1</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2id="Matrices">Matrices</h2>
<h3id="Creating2DMatrices">Creating 2D Matrices</h3>
<p>A 2D matrix can be created by assignment using the <code>=</code>
operator or with the command <code>DIM</code>.</p>
<p><strong>By Assignment</strong></p>
<p>To assign a matrix to a variable, the matrix elements are enclosed by
square brackets <code>[</code> and <code>]</code>. The matrix elements
of one row are separated by <code>,</code> and rows are separated by a
semicolon <code>;</code>. If no value for a element is given, SmallBASIC
will set this element to <code>0</code>.</p>
<p>Examples 1:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb22"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb22-1"><ahref="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M = [<spanclass="dv">11</span>, <spanclass="dv">12</span>; <spanclass="dv">21</span>, <spanclass="dv">22</span>; <spanclass="dv">31</span>, <spanclass="dv">32</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb22-2"><ahref="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb22-3"><ahref="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates the 3x2 matrix</span></span>
<spanid="cb22-4"><ahref="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 11 12</span></span>
<spanid="cb22-5"><ahref="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 21 22</span></span>
<spanid="cb22-6"><ahref="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 31 32</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Example 2:</p>
<pre><code>M = [ ; ; 1, 2 ; 3, 4, 5]
' Creates the 3x3 matrix
' 0 0 0
' 1 2 0
' 3 4 5</code></pre>
<p><strong>By DIM</strong></p>
<p>Using the command <code>DIM M(n,m)</code> or <code>DIM M[n,m]</code>,
a matrix <code>M</code> with <code>n + 1</code> rows and
<code>m + 1</code> elements per row will be created. Every element is
set to <code>0</code>.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb24"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb24-1"><ahref="#cb24-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> M(<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb24-2"><ahref="#cb24-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb24-3"><ahref="#cb24-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates the 3x4 matrix</span></span>
<spanid="cb24-4"><ahref="#cb24-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb24-5"><ahref="#cb24-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb24-6"><ahref="#cb24-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb24-7"><ahref="#cb24-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>When using the command
<code>DIM A(rlower TO rupper, elower TO eupper)</code> it is also
possible, to set the <code>rlower</code> and <code>rupper</code> row
index and <code>elower</code> and <code>eupper</code> element index of a
matrix.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb25"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb25-1"><ahref="#cb25-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> M(<spanclass="dv">2</span><spanclass="kw">to</span><spanclass="dv">4</span>, <spanclass="dv">3</span><spanclass="kw">to</span><spanclass="dv">7</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb25-2"><ahref="#cb25-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb25-3"><ahref="#cb25-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates the 5x3 matrix</span></span>
<spanid="cb25-4"><ahref="#cb25-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb25-5"><ahref="#cb25-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb25-6"><ahref="#cb25-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb25-7"><ahref="#cb25-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' With elements M(2,3) to M(2,7), M(3,3) to M(3,7) and M(4,3) to M(4,7)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="AccessingElementsOfA2DMatrix">Accessing Elements of a 2D
Matrix</h3>
<p>To access an element of a matrix, the matrix name is followed by
<code>(row, column)</code> or <code>[row, column]</code>, where
<code>column</code> and <code>row</code> are the coordinates of the
matrix element. In SmallBASIC using default configuration, the first
element of a matrix has the index <code>(0, 0)</code>.</p>
<p>Examples:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb26"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb26-1"><ahref="#cb26-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>;<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb26-2"><ahref="#cb26-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> M(<spanclass="dv">0</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb26-3"><ahref="#cb26-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>] = <spanclass="dv">5</span><spanclass="co">' M = [1,2;5,4]</span></span>
<spanid="cb26-4"><ahref="#cb26-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M(<spanclass="dv">0</span>,<spanclass="dv">1</span>) = M(<spanclass="dv">0</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>) <spanclass="co">' M = [1,1,5,4]</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Accessing an element outside the bounds of the matrix will result in
an error.</p>
<h3id="MatrixOperations">2D Matrix Operations</h3>
<p>SmallBASIC supports basic matrix operations using the standard
operators:</p>
<p><strong>Addition and Subtraction</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb27"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb27-1"><ahref="#cb27-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>; <spanclass="dv">3</span>, <spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb27-2"><ahref="#cb27-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>; <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb27-3"><ahref="#cb27-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb27-4"><ahref="#cb27-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C = B + A</span>
<spanid="cb27-5"><ahref="#cb27-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>D = A - B</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Multiplication</strong></p>
<pre><code>A = [1, 2; 3, 4]
B = [5 ; 6]
C = A * B
D = 0.8 * A</code></pre>
<p><strong>Equality</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb29"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb29-1"><ahref="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>; <spanclass="dv">3</span>, <spanclass="dv">4</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb29-2"><ahref="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>; <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb29-3"><ahref="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb29-4"><ahref="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>e = A==B</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Unary</strong></p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb30"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb30-1"><ahref="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = [<spanclass="dv">5</span>, <spanclass="dv">6</span>; <spanclass="dv">7</span>, <spanclass="dv">8</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb30-2"><ahref="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb30-3"><ahref="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = -A</span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="HigherDimensionalMatrices">Higher Dimensional Matrices</h3>
<p>Matrices with a dimension higher than two can be created with the
command <code>DIM M(n1, n2, ..., ni)</code>, where <code>n1 + 1</code>
to <code>ni + 1</code> are the number of elements of each dimension. To
access an element, give the coordinates of that element in parenthesis
or square brackets.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb31"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb31-1"><ahref="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> M(<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>) <spanclass="co">' Creates a 3x3x4 3D Matrix</span></span>
<spanid="cb31-2"><ahref="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb31-3"><ahref="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M[<spanclass="dv">0</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>] = <spanclass="dv">5</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Equality is the only valid matrix operating for higher dimensional
matrices.</p>
<h3id="RowAndColumnVectors">Row and Column Vectors</h3>
<p><strong>By Assignment</strong></p>
<p>To create a column vector, separate the elements by
<code>;</code>.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb32"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb32-1"><ahref="#cb32-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>v = [<spanclass="dv">1</span>;<spanclass="dv">2</span>;<spanclass="dv">3</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb32-2"><ahref="#cb32-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates the column vector</span></span>
<spanid="cb32-3"><ahref="#cb32-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb32-4"><ahref="#cb32-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb32-5"><ahref="#cb32-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 3</span></span>
<spanid="cb32-6"><ahref="#cb32-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb32-7"><ahref="#cb32-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">PRINT</span> v(<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>) <spanclass="co">' Prints the value of the element in row 2 -> 2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>By DIM</strong></p>
<p>The command <code>DIM A(n)</code> creates a row vector with
<code>n+1</code> elements. To create a column vector, use
<code>DIM A(n, 0)</code>. The elements of the column vector can be
access by <code>A(n,0)</code>, where <code>n</code> is the column index
of the element.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb33"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb33-1"><ahref="#cb33-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> A(<spanclass="dv">2</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb33-2"><ahref="#cb33-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates a row vector</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-3"><ahref="#cb33-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0 0 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-4"><ahref="#cb33-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb33-5"><ahref="#cb33-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">DIM</span> B(<spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="dv">0</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb33-6"><ahref="#cb33-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Creates a column vector</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-7"><ahref="#cb33-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-8"><ahref="#cb33-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-9"><ahref="#cb33-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' 0</span></span>
<spanid="cb33-10"><ahref="#cb33-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb33-11"><ahref="#cb33-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">PRINT</span> B(<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">0</span>) <spanclass="co">' Prints the value of the element in row 2</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2id="Maps">Maps</h2>
<p>Maps are complex data structures with key-value pairs. Elements of a
map are addressed by keys. Allowed data-types are integers, reals,
strings, arrays, maps and references. Elements of different data-types
can be mixed in a map.</p>
<h3id="CreatingAMapVariable">Creating a Map Variable</h3>
<p>Maps can be created by assignment using the <code>=</code> operator,
with the command <code>ARRAY</code> and with <code>{}</code>.</p>
<p><strong>By Assignment</strong></p>
<p>To assign a map to a variable, key-value pairs are enclosed by curly
brackets <code>{</code> and <code>}</code>. The key-value pairs are
separated by comma <code>,</code>. A key-value pair consist of a key and
a value. Key and value are separated by a colon <code>:</code>. The key
is a string. It is not necessary to enclose the string with quotes. The
value can be any data-type, array, map or reference. The order of
key-value pairs is not relevant for maps.</p>
<p>Additionally, a map variable can be created with the assignment
<code>name.key = value</code>, where <code>name</code> is the name of
the map variable, <code>key</code> is the name of the key and value any
datatype supported by SmallBASIC.</p>
<p>Examples of valid map assignments:</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb34"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb34-1"><ahref="#cb34-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {x:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, y:<spanclass="dv">2</span>, z:<spanclass="dv">3</span>}</span>
<spanid="cb34-2"><ahref="#cb34-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>B = {<spanclass="st">"x"</span>:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="st">"y"</span>:<spanclass="dv">2</span>, <spanclass="st">"z"</span>:<spanclass="dv">3</span>}</span>
<spanid="cb34-3"><ahref="#cb34-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>C = {<spanclass="dv">1</span>:<spanclass="dv">10</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>:<spanclass="dv">5</span>, Name: <spanclass="st">"SmallBASIC"</span>}</span>
<spanid="cb34-4"><ahref="#cb34-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>D = {ArrayData:[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>], MapData:{node:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, value:<spanclass="dv">5</span>}}</span>
<spanid="cb34-5"><ahref="#cb34-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>E.x = <spanclass="dv">1</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>By ARRAY</strong></p>
<p>Using the command <code>M = ARRAY(JSONString)</code> will create a
map variable from the string <code>JSONString</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb35"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb35-1"><ahref="#cb35-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M = <spanclass="kw">ARRAY</span>(<spanclass="st">"{x:1, y:2, z:3}"</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb35-2"><ahref="#cb35-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb35-3"><ahref="#cb35-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>s = <spanclass="st">"{1:10, 2:5, Name:\"</span>SmallBASIC\<spanclass="st">"}"</span><spanclass="co">' The quotation marks of the string SmallBASIC are escaped with \"</span></span>
<spanid="cb35-4"><ahref="#cb35-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>M = <spanclass="kw">ARRAY</span>(s)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Empty Map</strong></p>
<p>The following example will create an empty map variable. If the
variable already exist, it will be deleted and reinitialized as a
map.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb36"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb36-1"><ahref="#cb36-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {}</span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="AccessingElementsOfAMapVariable">Accessing Elements of a Map
Variable</h3>
<p>An element of a map variable can be accessed in the following three
ways:</p>
<oltype="1">
<li><code>name.key</code></li>
<li><code>name("key")</code> or <code>name["key"]</code></li>
<li><code>s = "key" : name(s)</code> or
<code>s = "key" : name[s]</code></li>
</ol>
<p>where <code>name</code> is the name of the map variable and
<code>key</code> is the key of the key-value pair. The third option
offers the possibility to access an element using a string-variable as
the key.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb37"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb37-1"><ahref="#cb37-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {x:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, y:<spanclass="dv">2</span>, z:<spanclass="dv">3</span>}</span>
<spanid="cb37-2"><ahref="#cb37-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb37-3"><ahref="#cb37-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.x</span>
<spanid="cb37-4"><ahref="#cb37-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb37-5"><ahref="#cb37-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A[<spanclass="st">"x"</span>]</span>
<spanid="cb37-6"><ahref="#cb37-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb37-7"><ahref="#cb37-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.y = <spanclass="dv">3</span></span>
<spanid="cb37-8"><ahref="#cb37-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="st">"y"</span>) = <spanclass="dv">3</span></span>
<spanid="cb37-9"><ahref="#cb37-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A[<spanclass="st">"y"</span>] = <spanclass="dv">3</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>To access elements of an array or a matrix inside a map, use
additional parentheses <code>()</code> or square
brackets<code>[]</code>.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb38"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb38-1"><ahref="#cb38-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {x:[<spanclass="dv">2</span>,<spanclass="dv">3</span>], y:[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">2</span>;<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>]}</span>
<spanid="cb38-2"><ahref="#cb38-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb38-3"><ahref="#cb38-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.x(<spanclass="dv">0</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-4"><ahref="#cb38-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.x[<spanclass="dv">1</span>] <spanclass="co">' Output: 3</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-5"><ahref="#cb38-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.y[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">1</span>] <spanclass="co">' Output: 4</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-6"><ahref="#cb38-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb38-7"><ahref="#cb38-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.x(<spanclass="dv">0</span>) = <spanclass="dv">5</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-8"><ahref="#cb38-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.x[<spanclass="dv">1</span>] = <spanclass="dv">6</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-9"><ahref="#cb38-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.y[<spanclass="dv">1</span>,<spanclass="dv">1</span>] = <spanclass="dv">7</span></span>
<spanid="cb38-10"><ahref="#cb38-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A <spanclass="co">' Output: {"y":[1,2;3,7],"x":[5,6]}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>To access a nested map variable, use a further <code>.</code> or
<code>("key")</code>. Both notations can be mixed.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb39"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb39-1"><ahref="#cb39-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {x:{a:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, b:{c:<spanclass="dv">2</span>}}}</span>
<spanid="cb39-2"><ahref="#cb39-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb39-3"><ahref="#cb39-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.x.a <spanclass="co">' Output: 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-4"><ahref="#cb39-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.x.b.c <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-5"><ahref="#cb39-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"a"</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 1</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-6"><ahref="#cb39-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"b"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"c"</span>) <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-7"><ahref="#cb39-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"b"</span>).c <spanclass="co">' Output: 2</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-8"><ahref="#cb39-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb39-9"><ahref="#cb39-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.x.a = <spanclass="dv">3</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-10"><ahref="#cb39-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.x.b.c = <spanclass="dv">4</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-11"><ahref="#cb39-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A <spanclass="co">' Output: {"x":{"a":3,"b":{"c":4</span><spanclass="re">}}}</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-12"><ahref="#cb39-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb39-13"><ahref="#cb39-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"a"</span>) = <spanclass="dv">5</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-14"><ahref="#cb39-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"b"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"c"</span>) = <spanclass="dv">6</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-15"><ahref="#cb39-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="st">"x"</span>)(<spanclass="st">"b"</span>).c = <spanclass="dv">7</span></span>
<spanid="cb39-16"><ahref="#cb39-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A <spanclass="co">' Output: {"x":{"a":5,"b":{"c":7</span><spanclass="re">}}}</span><spanclass="co"></span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Reading a non-existing element of a map will return <code>0</code>.
Writing to a non-existing element will create a new key-value pair.</p>
<h3id="AddKeyValuePairs">Add Key-Value Pairs</h3>
<p>Use dot-notation or parenthesis-notation with the <code>=</code>
operator to add a new key-value pair to a map variable.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb40"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb40-1"><ahref="#cb40-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {a:<spanclass="dv">1</span>, b:<spanclass="dv">2</span>}</span>
<spanid="cb40-2"><ahref="#cb40-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb40-3"><ahref="#cb40-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.c = <spanclass="dv">3</span></span>
<spanid="cb40-4"><ahref="#cb40-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A(<spanclass="st">"d"</span>) = <spanclass="dv">4</span></span>
<spanid="cb40-5"><ahref="#cb40-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.e = {x:<spanclass="dv">5</span>, y:<spanclass="dv">6</span>}</span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="KeyValuePairsWithReferences">Key-Value Pairs with
References</h3>
<p>The value of a key-value pair can be a reference to a function or
subroutine.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb41"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb41-1"><ahref="#cb41-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = {}</span>
<spanid="cb41-2"><ahref="#cb41-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.x = <spanclass="dv">1</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-3"><ahref="#cb41-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.Add = @Add</span>
<spanid="cb41-4"><ahref="#cb41-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.PrintBold = @PrintBold</span>
<spanid="cb41-5"><ahref="#cb41-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb41-6"><ahref="#cb41-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A <spanclass="co">' Output: {"x":1,"Add":func,"PrintBold":func}</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-7"><ahref="#cb41-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb41-8"><ahref="#cb41-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Execute function and subroutine</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-9"><ahref="#cb41-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.Add(<spanclass="dv">1</span>, <spanclass="dv">2</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb41-10"><ahref="#cb41-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A.PrintBold(<spanclass="st">"Test"</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb41-11"><ahref="#cb41-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb41-12"><ahref="#cb41-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Define function and subroutine</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-13"><ahref="#cb41-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">func </span>Add(a,b)</span>
<spanid="cb41-14"><ahref="#cb41-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">return</span> a + b</span>
<spanid="cb41-15"><ahref="#cb41-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">end</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-16"><ahref="#cb41-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb41-17"><ahref="#cb41-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">sub </span>PrintBold(s)</span>
<spanid="cb41-18"><ahref="#cb41-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span><spanclass="st">"\e[1m"</span>; s; <spanclass="st">"\e[21m"</span></span>
<spanid="cb41-19"><ahref="#cb41-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">end</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h3id="MapsAsPseudoObjectForOOP">Maps as Pseudo Objects for OOP</h3>
<p>Maps in combination with references can be used to create a pseudo
object similar to object-oriented programming.</p>
<divclass="sourceCode" id="cb42"><pre
class="sourceCode smallbasic"><codeclass="sourceCode smallbasic"><spanid="cb42-1"><ahref="#cb42-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>A = MyAddClass(<spanclass="dv">3</span>,<spanclass="dv">4</span>)</span>
<spanid="cb42-2"><ahref="#cb42-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">print</span> A.Add()</span>
<spanid="cb42-3"><ahref="#cb42-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb42-4"><ahref="#cb42-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Definitions</span></span>
<spanid="cb42-5"><ahref="#cb42-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">func </span>MyAddClass(x,y)</span>
<spanid="cb42-6"><ahref="#cb42-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="dt">local</span> TempMap</span>
<spanid="cb42-7"><ahref="#cb42-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb42-8"><ahref="#cb42-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Properties</span></span>
<spanid="cb42-9"><ahref="#cb42-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TempMap.x = x</span>
<spanid="cb42-10"><ahref="#cb42-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TempMap.y = y</span>
<spanid="cb42-11"><ahref="#cb42-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb42-12"><ahref="#cb42-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Methods</span></span>
<spanid="cb42-13"><ahref="#cb42-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> TempMap.Add = @AddFunction</span>
<spanid="cb42-14"><ahref="#cb42-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb42-15"><ahref="#cb42-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="co">' Functions and subroutines</span></span>
<spanid="cb42-16"><ahref="#cb42-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">func </span>AddFunction()</span>
<spanid="cb42-17"><ahref="#cb42-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">return</span><spanclass="dt">self</span>.x + <spanclass="dt">self</span>.y</span>
<spanid="cb42-18"><ahref="#cb42-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">end</span></span>
<spanid="cb42-19"><ahref="#cb42-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<spanid="cb42-20"><ahref="#cb42-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">return</span> TempMap</span>
<spanid="cb42-21"><ahref="#cb42-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><spanclass="kw">end</span></span></code></pre></div>
<h2id="Operators">Operators</h2>
<p>SmallBASIC supports the following operators, sorted by priority:</p>
<table>
<colgroup>
<colstyle="width: 18%" />
<colstyle="width: 81%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<trclass="header">
<thstyle="text-align: center;">Operator</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>(</code>, <code>)</code></td>
<td>Parenthesis</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>+</code>, <code>-</code></td>
<td>Unary</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>~</code></td>
<td>bitwise NOT</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>NOT</code> or <code>!</code></td>
<td>Logical NOT (NOT false = true)</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>^</code></td>
<td>Exponentiation</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>*</code>, <code>/</code>,
<code>\</code></td>
<td>Multiplication, Division, Integer Division</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>%</code> or <code>MOD</code></td>
<td>Reminder (QB compatible:
<code>a = int(a), b = int(b), a - b*(a/b)</code>)</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>MDL</code></td>
<td>Modulus (<code>a % b + b*(sgn(a) <> sgn(b))</code>)</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>+</code>, <code>-</code></td>
<td>Addition/Concatenation, Subtraction</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>=</code> or <code>==</code></td>
<td>Equal</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code><></code> or
<code>!=</code></td>
<td>Not Equal</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>></code>,
<code><</code></td>
<td>Less Than, Greater Than</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>=></code>,
<code>=<</code></td>
<td>Less or Equal, Greater or Equal</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>>=</code>,
<code><=</code></td>
<td>Less or Equal, Greater or Equal</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>IN</code></td>
<td>belongs to</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>LIKE</code></td>
<td>Regular expression match</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>AND</code> or
<code>&&</code></td>
<td>Logical AND</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>OR</code> or <code>||</code></td>
<td>Logical OR</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>BAND</code> or
<code>&</code></td>
<td>bitwise AND</td>
</tr>
<trclass="even">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>BOR</code> or <code>|</code></td>
<td>bitwise OR</td>
</tr>
<trclass="odd">
<tdstyle="text-align: center;"><code>EQV</code></td>
