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View threads in the Parallel Stacks window | Use Parallel Stacks to help debug multithreaded applications. You can view stack information for all threads, and task-centered call stack information. | 01/22/2025 | conceptual |
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| mikejo5000 | mikejo | mijacobs | debug-diagnostics |
The Parallel Stacks window is useful for debugging multithreaded applications. It has several views:
Threads view shows call stack information for all threads in the app. You can navigate between threads and stack frames on those threads.
Tasks view shows task-centered call stack information.
- In managed code, Tasks view shows call stacks of xref:System.Threading.Tasks.Task?displayProperty=fullName objects.
- In native code, Tasks view shows call stacks of task groups, parallel algorithms, asynchronous agents, and lightweight tasks.
Method View pivots the call stack on a selected method.
To open the Parallel Stacks window, you must be in a debugging session. Select Debug > Windows > Parallel Stacks.
The Parallel Stacks window has the following toolbar controls: ::: moniker range="vs-2019" 
| Icon | Control | Description |
|---|---|---|
 | Threads/Tasks combo box | Switches the view between call stacks of threads and call stacks of tasks. For more information, see Tasks view and Threads view. |
 | Show Only Flagged | Shows call stacks only for the threads that are flagged in other debugger windows, such as the GPU Threads window and the Parallel Watch window. |
 | Toggle Method View | Switches between call stack views and Method View. For more information, see Method View. |
 | Auto Scroll To Current Stack Frame | Autoscrolls the graph so that the current stack frame is in view. This feature is useful when you change the current stack frame from other windows, or when you hit a new breakpoint in large graphs. |
 | Toggle Zoom Control | Shows or hides the zoom control at the left of the window. Regardless of the visibility of the zoom control, you can also zoom by pressing Ctrl and turning the mouse wheel, or by pressing Ctrl+Shift++ to zoom in and Ctrl+Shift+- to zoom out. |
::: moniker-end ::: moniker range=">=vs-2022" 
| Icon | Control | Description |
|---|---|---|
 | Threads/Tasks combo box | Switches the view between call stacks of threads and call stacks of tasks. For more information, see Tasks view and Threads view. |
 | Filter Control | Shows call stacks only for the specific set of threads that you're interested in. |
 | Show Only Flagged | Shows call stacks only for the threads that are flagged in other debugger windows, such as the GPU Threads window and the Parallel Watch window. |
 | Toggle Method View | Switches between call stack views and Method View. For more information, see Method View. |
 | Auto Scroll To Current Stack Frame | Autoscrolls the graph so that the current stack frame is in view. This feature is useful when you change the current stack frame from other windows, or when you hit a new breakpoint in large graphs. |
 | Toggle Zoom Control | Shows or hides the zoom control at the left of the window. Regardless of the visibility of the zoom control, you can also zoom by pressing Ctrl and turning the mouse wheel, or by pressing Ctrl+Shift++ to zoom in and Ctrl+Shift+- to zoom out. |
 | Search Control | With this feature you can easily search through stack frames and then use arrows to navigate between those results. |
 | Save Control | Enables you to save/export the content from the parallel stack window as an image. |
 | Show External Code Control | Using this feature, you can show/hide the stacks from the external code/libraries. |
 | Summarize call stacks | Starting in Visual Studio 2022 version 17.13 Preview 4, you can choose Summarize when Copilot is installed and activated. This button opens the Copilot Chat window, preloaded with relevant thread context, allowing you to explore details, including thread states, function calls, and suggested fixes. |
| ::: moniker-end |
The following icons provide information about the active and current stack frames in all views:
::: moniker range="vs-2019"
| Icon | Description |
|---|---|
 | Indicates the current location (active stack frame) of the current thread. |
 | Indicates the current location (active stack frame) of a non-current thread. |
 | Indicates the current stack frame (the current debugger context). The method name is bold wherever it appears. |
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022"
| Icon | Description |
|---|---|
| Indicates the current location (active stack frame) of the current thread. |
| Indicates the current location (active stack frame) of a non-current thread. |
| Indicates the current stack frame (the current debugger context). The method name is bold wherever it appears. |
 | Indicates that the current stack frame has Critical status warning such as Deadlock. |
 | Indicates the deadlocked node. |
 | Indicates that the current stack frame has additional information such as Waiting on, Waiting on lock, owned by, etc. |
 | Indicates that the current task is in blocked/waiting state, etc. |
 | Indicates the currently running task. |
::: moniker-end
The following shortcut menu items are available when you right-click a method in Threads view or Tasks view. The last six items are the same as in the Call Stack window.
::: moniker range="vs-2019"
| Menu item | Description |
|---|---|
| Flag | Flags the selected item. |
| Unflag | Unflags the selected item. |
| Freeze | Freezes the selected item. |
| Thaw | Thaws the selected item. |
| Switch To Frame | Same as the corresponding menu command in the Call Stack window. However, in the Parallel Stacks window, one method may be in several frames. You can select the frame you want in the submenu for this item. If one of the stack frames is on the current thread, that frame is selected by default in the submenu. |
| Go to Task or Go to Thread | Switches to the Task or Threads view, and keeps the same stack frame highlighted. |
| Go To Source Code | Goes to the corresponding location in the source code window. |
| Go To Disassembly | Goes to the corresponding location in the Disassembly window. |
| Show External Code | Shows or hides external code. |
| Hexadecimal Display | Toggles between decimal and hexadecimal display. |
| Show Threads in Source | Flags the location of the thread in the source code window. |
| Symbol Load Information | Opens the Symbol Load Information dialog box. |
| Symbol Settings | Opens the Symbol Settings dialog box. |
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022"
| Menu item | Description |
|---|---|
| Copy | Copy the selected item. |
| Select All Frames Below | Selects all the frames under the selected stack. |
| Flag | Flags the selected item. |
| Unflag | Unflags the selected item. |
| Freeze | Freezes the selected item. |
| Thaw | Thaws the selected item. |
| Switch To Frame | Same as the corresponding menu command in the Call Stack window. However, in the Parallel Stacks window, one method may be in several frames. You can select the frame you want in the submenu for this item. If one of the stack frames is on the current thread, that frame is selected by default in the submenu. |
| Go to Task or Go to Thread | Switches to the Task or Threads view, and keeps the same stack frame highlighted. |
| Go To Source Code | Goes to the corresponding location in the source code window. |
| Go To Disassembly | Goes to the corresponding location in the Disassembly window. |
| Show External Code | Shows or hides external code. |
| Hexadecimal Display | Toggles between decimal and hexadecimal display. |
| Show Threads in Source | Flags the location of the thread in the source code window. |
| Symbol Load Information | Opens the Symbol Load Information dialog box. |
| Symbol Settings | Opens the Symbol Settings dialog box. |
| ::: moniker-end |
In Threads view, the stack frame and call path of the current thread are highlighted in blue. The current location of the thread is shown by the yellow arrow.
To change the current stack frame, double-click a different method. This might also switch the current thread, depending on whether the method you select is part of the current thread or another thread.
When the Threads view graph is too large to fit into the window, a Bird's Eye View control appears in the window. You can move the frame in the control to navigate to different parts of the graph.
::: moniker range="vs-2019"
The following illustration shows one thread that goes from Main to a Managed to Native code transition. Six threads are in the current method. Two threads continue to Thread.Sleep, and two continue to Console.WriteLine and the current thread continues to SyncTextWriter.WriteLine.
The following table describes the main features of the Threads view:
| Callout | Element name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Call stack segment or node | Contains a series of methods for one or more threads. If the frame has no arrow lines connected to it, the frame shows the entire call path for the thread(s). |
| 2 | Blue highlight | Indicates the call path of the current thread. |
| 3 | Arrow lines | Connect nodes to make up the entire call path for the thread(s). |
| 4 | Node header | Shows the number of processes and threads for the node. |
| 5 | Method | Represents one or more stack frames in the same method. |
| 6 | Tooltip on method | Appears when you hover over a method. In Threads view, the tooltip shows all threads, in a table similar to the Threads window. |
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022"
The following illustration shows the Main thread in a Managed to Native code transition. Five threads are in the current method. Four threads continue executing in the S.C method context, while one worker thread continues in a Managed to Native code transition, setting the name on a worker thread.
The following table describes the main features of the Threads view:
| Callout | Element name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Call stack segment or node | Contains a series of methods for one or more threads. If the frame has no arrow lines connected to it, the frame shows the entire call path for the thread(s). |
| 2 | Blue highlight | Indicates the call path of the current thread. |
| 3 | Arrow lines | Connect nodes to make up the entire call path for the thread(s). |
| 4 | Node header | Shows the number of processes/threads, thread name, and thread ID for the node. |
| 5 | Method | Represents one or more stack frames in the same method. |
| 6 | Tooltip on method | Appears when you hover over a method. In Threads view, the tooltip shows all threads, in a table similar to the Threads window. |
| 7 | Thread description | AI-generated description of the thread. Starting in Visual Studio 2022 version 17.13 Preview 1, this description is present when Copilot is installed and activated. |
| ::: moniker-end |
If your app uses xref:System.Threading.Tasks.Task?displayProperty=fullName objects (managed code) or task_handle objects (native code) to express parallelism, you can use Tasks view. Tasks view shows call stacks of tasks instead of threads.
In Tasks view:
- Call stacks of threads that aren't running tasks aren't shown.
- Call stacks of threads that are running tasks are visually trimmed at the top and bottom, to show the most relevant frames for tasks.
- When several tasks are on one thread, the call stacks of those tasks are shown in separate nodes.
To see an entire call stack, switch back to Threads view by right-clicking in a stack frame and selecting Go to Thread.
The following illustration shows the Threads view at the top and the corresponding Tasks view at the bottom.
::: moniker range="vs-2019" 
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022" 
::: moniker-end
Hover over a method to show a tooltip with additional information. In Tasks view, the tooltip shows all the tasks in a table similar to the Tasks window.
The following image shows the tooltip for a method in the Threads view at the top and for the corresponding Tasks view at the bottom.
::: moniker range="vs-2019"
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022" 
::: moniker-end
From either Threads view or Tasks view, you can pivot the graph on the current method by selecting the Toggle Method View icon on the toolbar. Method View shows at a glance all methods on all threads that either call or are called by the current method. The following illustration shows how the same information looks in Threads view on the left and in Method View on the right.
::: moniker range="vs-2019"
::: moniker-end
::: moniker range=">=vs-2022" 
::: moniker-end
If you switch to a new stack frame, you make that method the current method, and Method View shows all callers and callees for the new method. This may cause some threads to appear or disappear from the view, depending on whether that method appears on their call stacks. To return to the call stack view, select the Method View toolbar icon again.
These video tutorials demonstrate how you can use the Threads and Tasks views of the Parallel Stacks window in Visual Studio 2022 to debug your multithreaded applications.
