The firing range was the range by which an attacking vessel could fire its weapons at a target.
In 2285, Maltz informed CommanderKruge that the USS Enterprise was in the firing range of their ship. (Star Trek III: The Search for Spock)
In 3189, Michael Burnham dissuaded Cleveland Booker from maneuvering his ship out of the firing range of Defense Force ships by convincing him that the USS Discovery would come to their aid. (DIS: "People of Earth")