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<title>A Brief Summary of Terms and Concepts — Python Like You Mean It</title>
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<divclass="section" id="A-Brief-Summary-of-Terms-and-Concepts">
<h1>A Brief Summary of Terms and Concepts<aclass="headerlink" href="#A-Brief-Summary-of-Terms-and-Concepts" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>Let’s do a quick rundown of some of the concepts and terms discussed thus far. The following code is a <em>class definition</em>, which specifies the <em>attributes</em> of objects that belong to the class/type <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example</span></code>.</p>
<divclass="highlight-python notranslate"><divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><spanclass="k">class</span><spanclass="nc">Example</span><spanclass="p">:</span>
<spanclass="n">a</span><spanclass="o">=</span><spanclass="p">(</span><spanclass="mi">1</span><spanclass="p">,</span><spanclass="mi">2</span><spanclass="p">,</span><spanclass="mi">3</span><spanclass="p">)</span>
<spanclass="k">def</span><spanclass="fm">__init__</span><spanclass="p">(</span><spanclass="bp">self</span><spanclass="p">):</span>
<spanclass="bp">self</span><spanclass="o">.</span><spanclass="n">b</span><spanclass="o">=</span><spanclass="s2">"apple"</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Once executed, this code produces the <em>class object</em><codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example</span></code>, which encapsulates the above definition and can be used to create objects that are instances of this class/type. <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example.a</span></code> and <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example.__init__</span></code> are both attributes of this class. <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example.__init__</span></code> is more specifically a special method, which is automatically invoked whenever an instance of this class is created.</p>
<p>The following code creates an <em>instance</em> of <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example</span></code>, assigning that instance to the variable <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">ex</span></code>. This means that the object belongs to the type (a.k.a class) <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example</span></code>.</p>
<divclass="highlight-python notranslate"><divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="n">ex</span><spanclass="o">=</span><spanclass="n">Example</span><spanclass="p">()</span>
<spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="n">Example</span><spanclass="o">.</span><spanclass="n">a</span>
<spanclass="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
<spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="n">ex</span><spanclass="o">.</span><spanclass="n">a</span>
<spanclass="go">(1, 2, 3)</span>
<spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="nb">isinstance</span><spanclass="p">(</span><spanclass="n">ex</span><spanclass="p">,</span><spanclass="n">Example</span><spanclass="p">)</span>
<spanclass="go">True</span>
<spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="nb">type</span><spanclass="p">(</span><spanclass="n">ex</span><spanclass="p">)</span>
<spanclass="go">__main__.Example</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Upon this instantiation, the instance-level attribute <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">b</span></code> was defined via execution of the <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">__init__</span></code> method, wherein Python passed the instance object being created as the argument <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">self</span></code> to the method. Thus <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">b</span></code> is an <em>instance-level</em> attribute, which is not possessed by <codeclass="docutils literal notranslate"><spanclass="pre">Example</span></code> itself.</p>
<divclass="highlight-python notranslate"><divclass="highlight"><pre><span></span><spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="n">Example</span><spanclass="o">.</span><spanclass="n">b</span>
<spanclass="go">AttributeError: type object 'Example' has no attribute 'b'</span>
<spanclass="gp">>>> </span><spanclass="n">ex</span><spanclass="o">.</span><spanclass="n">b</span>
<spanclass="go">'apple'</span>
</pre></div>
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