numpy.roots

numpy.roots(p)

Return the roots of a polynomial with coefficients given in p.

Note

This forms part of the old polynomial API. Since version 1.4, the new polynomial API defined in numpy.polynomial is preferred. A summary of the differences can be found in the transition guide.

The values in the rank-1 array p are coefficients of a polynomial. If the length of p is n+1 then the polynomial is described by:

p[0]*x**n+p[1]*x**(n-1)+...+p[n-1]*x+p[n]

Parameters:

parray_like

Rank-1 array of polynomial coefficients.

Returns:

outndarray

An array containing the roots of the polynomial.

Raises:

ValueError

When p cannot be converted to a rank-1 array.

See also

poly

Find the coefficients of a polynomial with a given sequence of roots.

polyval

Compute polynomial values.

polyfit

Least squares polynomial fit.

poly1d

A one-dimensional polynomial class.

Notes

The algorithm relies on computing the eigenvalues of the companion matrix [1].

References

[1]

R. A. Horn & C. R. Johnson, Matrix Analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 146-7.

Examples

>>> importnumpyasnp>>> coeff=[3.2,2,1]>>> np.roots(coeff)array([-0.3125+0.46351241j, -0.3125-0.46351241j])